Studied by 1 personTags & Description
When did transportation to America begin?
1610
When did transportation to America stop?
1776
Why did transportation to America stop?
America gained independence
When did transportation to Australia begin?
1787
When was transportation abolished?
1868
Why did transportation stop?
It was too expensive, not a strong enough deterrent and prisons were built and used instead
When did the Bloody Code end?
1825
When was Pentonville Prison built?
1842
What was the name for the new idea about how prisoners should be treated?
The Separate system
True or False: the walls of Pentonville Prison were made thick to stop prisoners breaking them.
False. Walls were made thick to stop communication between prisoners
What did prisoners wear when in the courtyard of Pentonville Prison? Why?
Masks to avoid communication between prisoners
Prisoners would do what type of work in Pentonville Prison?
Monotonous and repetitive work
What did the continuous isolation of Pentonville Prison cause amongst inmates?
Mental illness and a high suicide rate
Who ended the Bloody Code?
Robert Peel
Why was solitude a good way for prisoners to rehabilitate?
Prisoners could reflect on their crimes
When was the Gaol Act introduced?
1774
Who assisted the introduction of the Gaol act?
John Howard
What was the Gaol Act of 1774?
An act which suggested how health and sanitation in prisons should be improved
Who in 1813 set up education classes to reform female prisoners at Newgate Prison?
Elizabeth Fry
Elizabeth Fry set up education classes to reform women in which Prison?
Newgate Prison
Who persuaded parliament to pass the Metropolitan Police Act in 1829?
Robert Peel
What did the Metropolitan Police Act do?
Set up the first professional police force
Why didn't the Bloody Code work?
Judges wouldn't sentence anyone to death as they thought it was too harsh
As well as end the Bloody Code and aid the introduction of the first professional police force, what else did Robert Peel do?
Try to reform the prison system
What did the 1823 Gaols Act state?
Chaplains should visit prisoners, gaolers should be paid and prisoners shouldn't be chained
What are chaplains?
A representative of a religious tradition
Why didn't the 1823 Gaols Act work?
There was no inspectors to enforce the act
What is the name of the 19 year old hanged for murder despite never killing anyone and having the mental age of a 10 year old?
Derek Bentley
How old was Derek Bentley actually when hanged?
19
What was Derek Bentley's mental age?
10
What is the name of Derek Bentley's accomplice when they burgled a warehouse?
Christopher Craig
Who fired the gun: Derek Bentley or Christopher Craig?
Christopher Craig
Who was hanged: Derek Bentley or Christopher Craig?
Derek Bentley
How old was Christopher Craig when he committed the infamous crime?
16
Why wasn't Christopher Craig hanged?
He was only 16
When was Derek Bentley hanged?
January 1953
Who did Christopher Craig kill?
A police officer
What did Derek Bentley shout prior to Christopher Craig during the gun?
'Let him have it, Chris'
What happened to Timothy Evans in 1950?
He was hanged for murdering his wife and baby- before it was discovered he didn't do it
What happened to Ruth Ellis in 1955?
She was hanged for murdering her abusive boyfriend
Who are conscientious objectors?
People who have religious, moral or political objections to war
True or False: Conscientious Objectors were more common in WW2 than WW1.
True
What is the term for hatred towards Judaism?
Anti-Semitism
Why was there a large influx of Polish and Russian Jews in Whitechapel in the 1880s?
They fled from persecution in the Russian Empire
What reputation did Irish people living in Whitechapel have amongst English people?
They were seen as drunk and violent as well as being associated with terrorism
What political concepts were on the rise in Whitechapel from 1848 despite fear from authorities, middle and upper classes?
Anarchism and Socialism
What is anarchism?
Opposing government
What is socialism?
An economic system in which all members of society own all business and share the work and profits
Why was there tension between immigrants and local population in Whitechapel?
Housing and jobs
What is a sweatshop?
A workplace where people labor long hours in poor conditions for low pay
Who is more likely to work in sweatshops: Immigrants or locals of Whitechapel?
Immigrants
Why was prostitution common in Whitechapel?
Lack of job opportunities for women
What were rookeries?
Slum areas
What is the name given to a house where people would pay for a bed and access to a kitchen in Whitechapel?
Lodging houses
Roughly what portion of Whitechapel's population lived in lodging houses?
One quarter
What was the Peabody estate?
Flats built in a former slum
What are workhouses?
A place which offered bed and food in return for hard labour
Why was there high unemployment in Whitechapel?
Economic depression
What division of the Metropolitan Police was responsible for Whitechapel?
H division
Why was the environment challenging for H division?
There was narrow alleys and courts with multiple doorways into packed rookeries packed with people, making chasing and locating criminals difficult
What changed in law enforcement after Anglo-Saxons?
Trial by Combat and Foresters were introduced
What ways of law enforcement continued from Anglo Saxons to later Medieval Ages?
Tithings, Hue and Cry, and Courts
When was trial by ordeal abolished?
1215
A jury during the Anglo Saxons and Normans would include who?
Local townspeople who knew the suspect
What did shire courts deal with?
Lesser crimes
Where were petty crimes dealt with?
Hundred courts
Which type of court dealt with major crimes?
Royal courts
What is the hue and cry?
When a witness to a crime alerts the village in order to gather a group to find the suspect
What are tithings?
Groups of men responsible for each other
How did William 1st assert his authority?
Make rebellions illegal, forest laws and murdrum fine
What is a murdrum fine?
Money paid by a community for the murder of a Norman if the culprit is not found
True or False. Forest Laws still enabled people to kill wild animals and take wood without a license from Royal Forests
False. A license was needed to do this
Which king introduced the forest laws?
William 1st
From the 1250s, who led the hue and cry?
The Parish Constable
What was benefit of the clergy?
Proving innocence by reading a passage from the bible
What was claiming sanctuary?
Going to a church and not being able to be removed
What did Watchmen do?
Patrol the streets between 10pm and dawn
Who was in charge of watchmen?
Town Constables
Who would usually volunteer as watchmen?
Male householders
Which king abolished sanctuary?
James 1st
When was sanctuary abolished?
1623
When did vagabondage increase significantly?
In the 15th and 16th centuries
What is a vagabond?
An unemployed homeless person
True or false. The hue and cry was no longer used in Early Modern England.
False, the hue and cry was still used
How many capital offences were there by 1688?
50
When did the bloody code start and end?
1688-1825
What year was the Gunpowder plot?
1605
The gunpowder plot was directed at which English king?
James 1st
Why did Guy Fawkes and others aim to kill the king?
Anti Catholic laws
What was the gunpowder plotters found guilty of?
Treason
What period was the witch hunts between?
1645-47
How did Matthew Hopkins contribute to an increase in executions of witches?
His pamphlets helped stir up mass panic and fear
True or False. Matthew Hopkins received money for each person prosecuted for being a witch.
True
What was the name of James 1st's book which outlined the way in which witches should be found and tried?
Daemonologie
Daemonologie, published by James 1st, outlines what?
How a witch should be found and tried
How did economic problems due to the civil war cause an increase in executions for witchcraft?
People would look for a scapegoat
What social changes contributed to the increase in executions for witchcraft?
Many women were widowed as their husbands went away to fight
What contributed to the increase in highway robberies?
Improved roads meant more people travelling, increased trade meant more good and money transported by road and roads were isolated making highway robbery easy to get away with
What did the 1723 Waltham Black Act do?
Made poaching a capital crime
When was the Waltham Black Act introduced?
1723
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