Studied by 3 peopleTags & Description
Suicide in the form of atonement is committed
A. to bring down enemies along with oneself.
B. to imitate the suicide of others.
C. as a form of accountability to compensate for suspected failures by the victim.
D. out of a devotion to a cause.
E. none of the above.
C
Which is TRUE of the Gainj of New Guinea?
A. Suicide occurs only among unmarried females.
B. Wife-beating is always unacceptable even if a woman fails at her duties.
C. Men define their duties as protecting, controlling, and managing women.
D. Women can find help only from courts.
E. None of the above.
C
Which is usually TRUE about suicide bombers?
A. They are considered deviants in their own societies.
B. They are considered martyrs in their homelands.
C. They kill themselves for selfish reasons.
D. They commit anomic suicide.
E. None of the above.
B
Which of the following is FALSE about suicide in the United States?
A. The suicide rate is higher than the homicide rate.
B. Suicide rates are highest in the spring.
C. Suicide rates for military veterans are almost double the civilian rate.
D. The suicide rate in Alaska is the lowest in the United States.
E. Suicide has been associated with decreased levels of serotonin in the brain.
D
Which of the following is TRUE?
A. Devotional suicide involves murder.
B. Samsonic suicide is motivated by love of others.
C. Altruistic suicide is motivated by revenge.
D. Atonement suicide is motivated by shame.
E. None of the above.
D
Which of the following is FALSE?
A. Suicide can be a form of interpersonal violence.
B. Suicide is absent among the Inuit (Eskimo), a “deviance-free” society.
C. In the United States four times as many males as females die of suicide.
D. Suicide can be an honorable act.
E. Of the 1.6 million violent deaths per year worldwide, half are by suicide.
B
T or F
A suicide’s husband is an object of ridicule among the Gainj because he has failed to control his wife.
T
T or F
Suicide occurs most commonly among the elderly worldwide.
T
T or F
Lower suicide rates were found in nations with less economic development and where Islam was the dominant religion.
T
List risks and/or demographic factors for suicide in the United States
Depression and other mental disorders, or a substance-abuse disorder (90% of people who die by suicide)
Prior suicide attempts.
Family history of mental disorder or substance abuse.
Family history of suicide.
Family violence, including physical or sexual abuse.
Firearms in the home (more than 1/2 of suicides)
Incarceration.
Exposure to the suicidal behavior of others, such as family members, peers, or media figures.
Season (suicide rates are highest in the spring).
Military service (recent military veterans are at high risk)– more than double the rate of increase for civilian suicide
Tested positive for at least one substance (alcohol, cocaine, heroin, or marijuana)- 73% of suicides.
Highest in the western region of the United States and lowest in the northeastern region (Highest: Alaska, Montana, then Nevada; Lowest: Washington, D.C., New York, then Massachusetts).
The risk for suicide is associated with changes in brain chemicals called neurotransmitters, including serotonin
Suicide was the seventh leading cause of death for males and the fifteenth leading cause of death for females in 2007.
Almost four times as many males as females die by suicide.
Firearms, suffocation, and poison are by far the most common methods of suicide, overall
In 2007, suicide was the third leading cause of death for young people ages 15 to 24. Between 1952 and 1995, suicide in young adults nearly tripled
Older Americans are disproportionately likely to die by suicide
For every 100,000 people in each of the following ethnic groups below, the following number died by suicide in 2007.
American Indian and Alaska Natives – 14.3 per 100,000
Non-Hispanic Whites – 13.5 per 100,000
Hispanics – 6.0 per 100,000
Non-Hispanic Blacks – 5.1 per 100,000
Asian and Pacific Islanders – 6.2 per 100,000
Cultural conflict resulting from the impact of pervasive Western culture on the suicidal behavior of those living in less modern cultures (High suicide rates in some Native American and Canadian groups, and in some Micronesian islands)
Define the thwarting-disorientation theory of suicide and explain how Gainj suicide exemplifies it
Thwarting-disorientation theory of suicide dictates that a person is more likely to commit suicide in contexts where they have lost social ties, or their social ties are threatened by another person or themselves. This theory also posits that suicide rates will be higher in societies that have more opportunities for the occurrence of thwarting disorientation. In the example of Gainj suicide, thwarting disorientation is very common. Married women who have the highest rate of suicide among the Gainj cannot divorce their husbands because it is considered shameful, which puts their social ties at risk and makes suicide more likely. Since the Gainj possess an attitude that suicide isn’t shameful or criminal, a woman can thus commit suicide while still preserving her pride and societal acceptance. Also, the act of suicide by a married woman puts shame on the husband, which may be the only way a married woman can get vengeance.
What is sati? Who practices it? Why is this practiced?
Sati is a Hindu practice of suicidal widow-burning in India. This occurs when a Hindu widow willing joins her deceased husband on the funeral pyre to be cremated. Viewing the practice as a method of proving devotion to their husbands, many Indian women defend sati as a religious right and a freedom of choice. Although there are many who practice sati to show devotion to their husbands, reasons for the practice can vary. Some do not want to become burdens on their family after their husband’s death, and others believe widowhood is limited in options.
Altruistic suicide
Committed for the benefit of others
(e.g. falling on a live hand grenade to save fellow soldiers or drowning while attempting to save a drowning child)
Assisted suicide
Providing a quick and pain-free death for terminally ill patients
(e.g. suicide tourists in Switzerland)
Samsonic suicide
Bringing down your enemies or persecutors along with yourself - involves murder
(e.g. Japanese kamikaze pilots and Gainj females of New Guinea)
can be seen as martyrdom or terrorism
Krauss and Krauss
Thwarting-disorientation theory of suicide - suicide due to loss of social ties
Gainj females of New Guinea
Atonement
Committed as a form of accountability to compensate for suspected failures and wrongs about which the victim feels responsibility, shame, or embarrassment
(e.g. Japanese seppuku or Jesse Loskarn for child pornography)
Devotional suicide
Committed out of devotion to a cause, principle, or relationship- does not involve murder
(e.g. Samurai commit oibara when master dies, hunger strikes, monks during Vietnam War, Jonestown suicide)
Cultural relativism
The position that a society's customs and ideas should be described objectively and understood in the context of that society's problems and opportunities
(e.g. viewing sati from one's own cultural point of view, and not the Hindu cultural perspective, can lead to misconceptions about this ancient tradition)
Risk Factors for other societies and cultures
Knowledge of worldwide trends in suicide is limited because many African, Middle Eastern, and Central and South American countries do not report their suicide rates to the WHO
Someone kills themselves every forty seconds.
The suicide rate varies considerably
Suicide the 13th leading cause of death worldwide.
Suicide occurs most commonly among the elderly and is three times more likely among men than women – with one major exception, China.
In China, 1.6 women kill themselves for every man who does so, and the country, with one-fifth the world's population, accounts for 55 percent of all female suicides globally.
Elsewhere, some of the highest suicide rates occur in the countries of the former Soviet Union, where alcoholism and drug abuse are rampant.
The suicide rate among the Inuit (Eskimo) people of northern Canada was among the highest in the world
The distribution of suicide rates by age varies with the level of economic development of the nation. Male suicide rates increase with age in most nations of the world. For females, the distribution of suicide rates by age varies with the level of economic development of the nation. For wealthy nations, such as the United States and Sweden, female suicide rates tend to peak in middle age. Girard (1993) noted that for poorer nations, such as Venezuela, suicide rates are higher for elderly women, whereas for the poorest nations, such as Thailand, the peak shifts to young women.
Lower suicide rates were found for nations with less economic development and where Islam was the dominant religion
Which of the following symptoms are most often associated with schizophrenia?
A. dementia and depression
B. hallucinations and delusions
C. sweaty hands and heart palpitations
D. ritualized behaviors
E. all of the above
B
Where does the condition piblokto most often occur?
A. in South Africa
B. among the Puerto Ricans
C. among Hispanic females
D. among the Inuit
E. all of the above
D
Koro is an example of
A. a type of schizophrenia found only in Southeastern Asia.
B. mass hysteria.
C. a ritual involving genitalia.
D. senile dementia in Asia.
E. none of the above.
B
T or F
All deviant behavior is a mental disorder; but not all mental disorders are deviant behavior.
F
T or F
Not all societies have mental disorder.
F
T or F
A genetic factor is thought to be the cause of schizophrenia.
T
Organic brain syndrome
Somatically impaired mental function
Breathing conditions, cardiovascular disorders, degenerative disorders, dementia due to metabolic causes, drug- and alcohol-related conditions, infections
OCD
Ritualized behavior
Amok
Frenzied assault episode
PTSD
Stress anxiety disorder
Susto
“Soul loss”
Richard Warner
Schizophrenia
What was the main point in Rosenhan’s article, “On Being Sane in Insane Places,” and why is this important?
The main point in Rosenhan’s article “On Being Sane in Insane Places” was that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane when evaluating patients in psychiatric hospitals. His argument was that these hospitals create an environment that facilitates a misunderstanding of normal behavior and creates a proliferation of feelings such as powerlessness, depersonalization, self-labeling, etc. This article is important because environments such as a psychiatric hospital can influence a mental health professional’s judgement of a patient’s behavior. Rosenhan’s study had significant influence on the way patients are diagnosed and treated as well as the updated training and education for staff.
What is the main conclusion of the classic study comparing Japanese and American schizophrenics?
The main conclusion of the study comparing Japanese and American schizophrenics was that cultural differences have significant influence on the symptomatology and behavior of schizophrenics. Although the basic constituents of the diagnosis are similar, the way that schizophrenics feel and act are different based on cultural expectations. For instance, American schizophrenics have greater disruptions in reality testing, which may be caused by breaking the norm in the U.S. where there’s an emphasis on a pragmatic reality. In comparison, the Japanese schizophrenia characteristics of aggression and assault may be caused by breaking the norm in Japan where the cultural values of parental dependency and social harmony are important.
Cross-cultural trends in mental disorder
Organic brain syndrome is MORE common in DC. These are mental disorders caused mainly by diseases, trauma, malnutrition, and so forth. By and large, their distribution is strongly correlated with unhygienic conditions, malnutrition, and disease-ridden environments.
Senile dementias appear to be LESS common in DC. This intriguing and perhaps unexpected finding is certainly worth exploring further in order to discover the factors responsible, especially with the growing proportion of older people everywhere. Some suggest it may be because older people are more physically and mentally active in DC and are allocated more privileged social statuses and roles. There may also be less heart disease and atherosclerosis, which inhibits a healthy blood supply to the nervous system, sensory organs, and other vital bodily parts.
Somatic symptom disorders (e.g., ulcers, tics, dysmenorrheas, impotence, headaches, sleep disorders, and other body/mind problems) are about equally common everywhere.
Sexual perversions and the sexual content of delusions are LESS common in DC.
Postpartum depression and psychoses are MORE common in DC.
Obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs) are LESS common in DC.
Suicide rates are LOWER in DC and in warmer climates.
Depression is LESS common in DC, but the content of the depression syndrome (types of symptoms) when present is similar. Depression rates are higher in wealthier countries than in low- or middle-income nations, according to researchers who have compared socioeconomic conditions with depression. Especially high rates (more than 30 percent) were found in the United States, France, the Netherlands, and India. China had the lowest rate of major depression (12 percent). Women were twice as likely as men to suffer depression, and the major contributing factor was loss of a partner because of death, divorce, or separation.
Schizophrenia is the most common serious mental disorder everywhere, but the form and content varies greatly according to the culture
Gross forms of (mass) hysteria or somatoform disorders are MORE common in DC. Your reading by Bartholomew on Koro illustrates one such case.
Unique cultural mental disorders that occur in only selected societies or regions have been observed. Koro and Eating Disorders are examples.
Treatments and cures of mental disorders are MORE effective in DC. This perhaps unanticipated result is well described and explained in the case of schizophrenia in your reading by Warner. Among the reasons offered for the greater efficacy of nonwestern folk psychiatry or ethnopsychiatry is that, as a rule, families and communities don't overreact to the acute, "break-out" phase of disorders. They are also unlikely to blame or stigmatize the patient, who is perceived more as a victim of circumstances, malevolent spirits, possession, witchcraft, and so on, which are external to and affecting him or her.
Ethnopsychiatry
Nonwestern folk psychiatry
unlikely to blame or stigmatize the patient, who is perceived more as a victim of circumstances, malevolent spirits, possession, witchcraft, and so on, which are external to and affecting him or her.
Seeks harmony rather than insight
What are ten major types of mental disorder and the key characteristics of each one?
1. Organic Brain Syndrome- describe impaired mental and behavioral function due to a medical disease, other than a psychiatric illness.
2. Schizophrenia- characterized by a broad range of unusual behaviors that cause profound disruption
3. Anxiety Disorders- Worry and stress are chronic and interfere with our daily lives and our ability to function.
4. Depression- a combination of symptoms that interfere with the ability to work, study, sleep, eat, and enjoy once-pleasurable activities
5. Postpartum Depression and Psychosis- Women during postpartum period experiencing some type of mood disturbance and develop more significant symptoms of depression or anxiety.
6. Somatic Symptom Disorder (aka "hysteria," psychosomatic or somatoform disorder)- distressing physical or bodily symptoms, including pain; responses to somatic symptoms are excessive and cause intense fear
7. Personality Disorders- characterized by long-term rigid patterns of thought and behavior that cause significant distress or impairment in personal, social, and/or occupational situations
8. Senile Dementias- a serious loss of global cognitive ability in a previously unimpaired person, beyond what might be expected from normal aging.
9. Childhood Disorders (or Developmental or Learning Disorders)- these most often occur and are diagnosed when a child is of school-age.
10. Culture-bound Disorders- disorders that tend to be restricted to particular cultures and places.
Mental Disorder Definition
A subjective or objective disturbance of perception, thought, feeling, or behavior sufficient enough to interfere with the enjoyment of life, social interaction, and role performance in essential spheres of life
Reasons for studying mental disorder cross-culturally
To find out if all populations experience mental disorder.
To find out if all populations have the same kinds of disorders.
To find out if all populations have similar disorder prevalence distributions and if these are also similar according to personal demographic correlates.
To find out if the symptom profiles of mental disorders are similar.
To find out if some societies are more or less successful in treating and curing disorders and, if so, how they do it.
Rosenhan
On Being Sane in Insane Places
Bartholomew
Penis Panics (Koro)
Running Amok
Occurs in Southeast Asia especially in Indonesia and Malaysia
Frenzied episode of sudden, mass assault against people or objects usually by a single individual wielding a Kris (dagger) following a period of brooding
During the colonial period amok attacks were directed against foreigners and considered honorable murder-suicides.
Ataque de nervios
"Puerto Rican syndrome"- found among Hispanic peoples in the Caribbean, Latin America, and the United States.
“Attack of nerves” -includes uncontrollable screaming or shouting, crying, trembling, sensations of heat rising in the chest and head, disassociated experiences, and verbal or physical aggression
Usually associated with a stressful family event
Piblokto
“Pibloktoq and Arctic hysteria”
Inuit societies living within the Arctic Circle
Hysterical reaction especially in Inuit women, who may perform frenzied irrational or dangerous acts, followed by exhaustion and amnesia of the event.
An abrupt dissociative episode with four phases: social withdrawal, excitement, convulsions and stupor, and recovery.
The condition appears most commonly in winter
Reports of stranded sailors during the 1800s exhibiting the same symptoms have been found
Susto
Among Spanish speaking peoples
Acutely frightened by an emotional trauma or from witnessing the traumatic experiences of others followed by chronic somatic suffering
Spirit attack and "soul loss" due to the vulnerable asustado (victim) caused by the acute event.
Symptoms include nervousness, anorexia, insomnia, listlessness, fever, depression, and diarrhea.
Possession hysterias
Throughout the world, but there is a unique complex of beliefs, practices, and experiences based on culture
Involves the possession of a vulnerable victim by a malevolent spirit or demon who takes control of the victim and uses her or him as a vehicle to satisfy its desires
Zār cult involves the possession of an individual (usually female) by a spirit found throughout North and East Africa
Symptoms may include dissociative episodes with laughing, shouting, hitting the head against a wall, singing, or weeping. Individuals may show apathy and withdrawal, refusing to eat or carry out daily tasks, and may develop a long-term relationship with the possessing spirit.
Eating Disorders (Anorexia & Bulimia)
Americans
Adolescent and young women. Up to 5 percent of the population of teenage girls may be affected- keep a slim figure and/or try stringent dieting.
Certain sports (such as gymnastics) and careers (such as modeling) are especially prone to reinforcing the need to keep a fit figure, even if it means purging food or not eating at all
Males in wrestling, track, and dance are also at risk.
Which is an indicator that a drug is integrated into a culture or society?
A. It is not an important expression of religious observances.
B. Its use is learned early in life.
C. It is not thought of as having medicinal value.
D. Not everyone agrees how it should be used.
E. None of the above.
B
What are the four main phases in the drug use cycle?
A. initiation, using, overdosing, death
B. initiation, using, Sharing, quitting
C. sharing, using, maintenance, quitting
D. initiation, maintenance, cessation, relapse
E. none of the above
D
3. Which of the following is NOT a term for a route of drug administration?
A. concoction
B. absorption
C. visualization
D. inhalation
E. injection
C
T or F
Caffeine is not an integrated drug in the United States.
F
T or F
In Liverpool, a significant drop in drug-related crime is attributed to prescription heroin.
T
T or F
“Boilerplate” is a term that refers to how much heat needs to be applied to a drug for it to be effective.
F
Richard Jessor
Italian alcohol use
Linkage is established for American youth between personality attributes reflecting frustration, dissatisfaction, and powerlessness and measures of drinking behavior reflecting the amount of intake and frequency of drunkenness
Neither of two samples of Italian youth provides evidence for such a relationship
Cultural difference in the way in which an important social behavior like drinking is patterned.
Safe heroin injection
Harm reduction
Prohibition
Supply control
Reasons for drug prohibition
Makes drugs less accessible by law, by rationing, availability (times, places, ages, etc.), restricting advertising, pricing, and taxes
Destroying and interdicting illegal international supplies and imports by conductng a "war on drugs"
Reduce aura of respectability and safety by making them illegal or putting a negative spin on their use
Reasons against drug prohibition
Costly to enforce and doesn't work. This was demonstrated with the Eighteenth Constitutional Amendment prohibiting alcohol in the United States in 1919, which was later repealed by the Twenty-first Amendment in 1933.
Encourages violent criminals to become involved in the production, distribution, and sale of illegal drugs to meet demand.
Contributes to delinquency of youth because they are recruited to distribute and sell and will receive milder punishments
Loss of tax revenues that could otherwise be collected on these substances.
Lose control of quality, safety, and instruction of responsible use of products. The reading, "Rx Drugs" considers this in some detail.
Destabilizes foreign governments and economies to interdict illegal supplies
Creates incentives for inventions of cheaper, often more dangerous, designer drugs (e.g., crack and crank)
Stigmatizes and makes criminals of too many people
Adds to health problems (e.g., STDs, AIDS, and TB) because the supervised instruction in hygiene and sterilization of drug paraphernalia training is abrogated
Inhibits chances to treat and cure heavy problem-users and addicts
Reduces opportunity to teach responsible use and lower demand
Clogs criminal justice system with drug possession, use, production, and distribution cases
Sociocultural Integration Theory
The substances integrated into the sociocultural system will carry a positive social and cultural value that prevents efforts to escape or prevent the use of that drug.
Define the harm reduction response to problem drug use. Briefly describe the study where this response was successful.
The harm reduction response consists of practical strategies aimed at reducing the negative consequences of problem drug use. Some methods of harm reduction include treatment, prevention, education in responsible use, and demand reduction coupled with de-criminalization to avoid legal problems. This response was successful in the study in Liverpool where addicts could continue their drug consumption on the grounds that it was to be prescribed by a physician and the patient was put under medical supervision. This allowed safe drug usage and an increased quality of life. Drug prices were also kept low so addicts wouldn’t have to resort to illegal methods of payment, thereby reducing drug-related crime.
Routes of Administration
Ingestion, which is consuming drugs like food through the alimentary system. This may be by baking and eating "pot-laced" brownies or chewing and swallowing psychoactive plant leaves like tobacco or mushrooms. Ingestion can also occur by imbibing drug-containing beverages like fermented or distilled ethanol drinks or drinks with caffeine.
Concoction is applying heat like baking and eating pot-laced brownies or heating up tobacco and other plant leaves, into a consumable boil.
Inhalation is a common route for administering tobacco and glues and for "free-basing" heroin, pot, crank (methamphetamine), and crack cocaine.
Injection refers to the intravenous use of drugs such as heroin.
Absorption (through skin, mucous membranes, and the colon) is common for tobacco (snuff, quid, enema clysters) and hallucinogenic salves such as atropine (see Case in Point 3.1).
Drug Use Cycle
Initiation
Maintenance
Cessation
Relapse
Measures of Drug Consumption
Boilerplate or quantity/frequency index - amount of drug consumed over some time interval
Volume-variability index - asses periods of heavy use followed by intervals of moderate or no use (chronological record and amount consumed per occasion)
Cross-Cultural Uses of Drugs
Religion**.** In many faiths, such as Catholicism, wine is a sacrament. Peyote, a hallucinogen, is used in the Native American Church to contact the supernatural.
Medicine**.** It is quite obvious that as analgesics, anesthetics, antiseptics, and anxiolytics, alcohol, tobacco, hallucinogens, opiates, stimulants (coca), and other drugs have been and still are of great instrumental, psychological, physiological, and medicinal value.
Work**.** Many stimulants such as tobacco and coca help individuals remain alert and vigilant during periods of arduous work. They also ward off hunger with their appetite-suppressing properties. By increasing metabolism they can reduce cold stress. People such as police, fishermen, waitresses, truckers, and others who must frequently work at night find these substances especially helpful.
Nutrition**.** Certain substances such as marijuana can stimulate appetites, which may be of benefit to those who are undernourished, often because of the malaise and nausea accompanying diseases like cancer and cancer therapies. Several beers and wines made from fermented vegetables and fruits, respectively, have caloric value and contain vitamins B and C.
Economic**.** Drugs have always been important economic commodities for production, distribution, sale, and exchange. Some drugs, such as the coca in the high Andes of Bolivia, Peru, and Chile, are crucial peasant commodities. Opium and tobacco are likewise important economically for small farmers. Alcohol, in its many forms ranging from fermented honey to wines, beers, and distillates (brandies, whiskeys, and vodka), is economically important in almost all societies in which it is found. The large market for illegal drugs makes them a multibillion-dollar industry.
Socio-ceremonial**.** It would be remiss not to mention the important social, convivial and secular, ceremonial use-values of drugs. Buying someone a cup of coffee or a beer or handing out cigars at a child's birth are simple but significant examples of socio-ceremonial exchanges, which may eventually be reciprocated. Breaking out champagne to celebrate special occasions like weddings, graduations, New Year's Day, anniversaries, athletic victories, or even mortuary occasions such as the Irish wake, found in most societies. Your reading on clubbing by Bellis, et al. highlights drug associations with recreational pleasures. Indeed, as we shall learn shortly, the more socioculturally institutionalized or embedded and integrated a substance is in a variety of situations and activities, the less likely it will be abused and associated with personal problem-solving effects, deviant behavior, and crime.
Warfare**.** In the United States, alcohol and tobacco use has traditionally increased during times of warfare. Military personnel, for a variety of reasons, have often used stimulants to combat fatigue and monotony and to remain vigilant during, or in anticipation of, dangerous situations. This is especially so when on night duty. To relax, relieve boredom, and to help socialize alcohol has been a companion of military personnel throughout history and in many cultures. Many substances, whether they are hallucinogens, stimulants, or depressants like alcohol, have often been used prior to combat to reduce fear and to increase risk-taking and courage.
Indicators that a drug is integrated include
It is the prescriptive norm.
It is an important expression of social relationships, religious observances, and customary activities.
It's use is learned early and in domestic settings.
It is a frequent accompaniment of quotidian activities like meals and thought to be of nutritional and/or medicinal value.
Consumption is regulated by custom in a consistent, agreed-upon manner.
Indicators that a drug is secular or not integrated include
It is a source of social and emotional concern.
It is used in an ambiguous or non-scriptive cultural environment.
It was recently introduced.
Use is not connected to family, religious, or social institutions.
Use is learned later in life.
Its use occurs outside the family context in secular or strictly recreational situations.
It is associated with status transformations from adolescence to adulthood, i.e., "legal-age."
It is believed to be a personal inhibitor of socially undesirable, sexual, and aggressive behaviors (and as a consequence often is).
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. Both male and female prostitutes in the United States usually have pimps.
B. Prostitution is internationally illegal except in Holland.
C. There are just as many male as female prostitutes in the United States.
D. In the United States less than half of prostitutes were child prostitutes.
E. None of the above.
D
What type of marriage does the universal incest taboo prohibit?
A. marriage between individuals with the kin terms mother, father, son, daughter, sister, or brother
B. marriage between all blood relatives
C. marriage between individuals with the kin terms mother, father, son, daughter, and first cousins
D. only marriage between sisters and brothers
E. none of the above
A
To what does hombre-hombre refer?
A. a Nicaraguan national ballad celebrating homosexual love
B. the tolerance that Nicaragua has toward homosexual acts
C. the man who plays the active role in homosexual intercourse
D. homosexual acts on a mattress
E. one-time homosexual acts
C
Why is the Cochón study in Nicaragua significant?
A. It demonstrates the universality of homosexual classification in all societies.
B. It shows how homosexuality is not practiced in all societies.
C. It illustrates that there is no distinction made between male and female homosexuality.
D. It shows homoerotic behavior can be engaged in without compromising heterosexual status.
E. None of the above.
D
T or F
The American Medical Association classifies homosexuality as a mental disorder.
F
T or F
Most prostitutes are actually happy with their choice of work.
F
T or F
Not all human societies have exogamic rules prohibiting marriage between members of certain groups.
F
T or F
The occupation with the highest murder rate in the United States is prostitution
T
Explain how prostitution is a means of subjugating all women in Korea
Prostitution is a means of subjugating all women in Korea because it is seen as very dishonorable in their culture. In Korea, honor is highly valued, and women are already at a disadvantage due to gender inequality. Because of this, women often do not engage in prostitution and try to act in accordance with gender roles placed on women. Since women are afraid of being labelled as a prostitute, they have to act according to cultural gender roles.
Two Major Explanations for the Incest Taboo
1) Genetics and population biology (adaptive advantage for offspring)
2) Aversion to relatives (“familiarity breeds contempt”)
List generalizations about sexual behavior and deviance in the US
Most American males have intercourse by age 16–17; females by 17–18.
Most American adults ages 18–24 have multiple, serial partners.
Monogamy is the norm for most American adults 25–59 (M=80%; Females=90%).
Intercourse frequency for American monogamous couples: 1–3 times/ week.
About 25 percent of American adults have tried heterosexual anal intercourse.
About 97 percent of all American males and 67 perent of all U.S. females have premarital sex.
About 70 percent of all American males and 67 percent of all U.S. females report at least one extramarital sex experience.
In about 60 percent of the societies in the world all males have premarital sex.
In about 50 percent of all societies in the world all females have premarital sex.
In 12 percent of the world's societies male virtue is expected at marriage.
In 20 percent of the world's societies female virtue is expected at marriage.
In the United States among 14- to 15-year-old boys, about 68 percent said they had masturbated during their lifetimes; by ages 16 to 17, the number jumps to 79 percent.
In the United States among girls ages 14 to 15, 43 percent said they had ever masturbated, compared with 54 percent of 16 to 17 year olds.
When asked about sex with a heterosexual partner about 30 percent of boys and 32 percent of girls in the United States reported having done it by age 17.
In 33 percent of the world's societies, homosexual behavior is reported either as ignored or accepted.
Homosexual behavior is condemned or punished in about 41 percent of the world's societies.
Homosexuality is reported rare or uncommon in about 57 percent of the world's societies.
About 20 percent of all American males have had a homosexual experience (about 1–6 percent within the last year).
In the United States, while about 8 percent of men and 7 percent of women identified themselves as gay, more than that reported engaging in some type of same-sex sex within their lifetimes. This was particularly true for men who received oral sex from another man: only about 5 to 8 percent of men ages 18 to 59 reported receiving oral sex in the past year, but 14 percent of men ages 40 to 49, and 15 percent of men ages 50 to 59 reported ever having received oral sex from another man in their lifetimes. About 11 percent of men ages 20 to 24 say they've ever received anal sex in their lives; for men in their 40s and 50s, that figure levels off at about 9 percent.
Similar findings apply to American women: among adult women ages 18 to 29, the rate of ever giving oral sex to another woman ranges from about 8 to 14 percent, the rate of receiving oral sex ranges from about 8 to 17percent. But when asked about same-sex sex in the past year, rates drop to somewhere in the range of 2 to 9 percent.
Lancaster
The Cochón and the Hombre-Hombre in Nicaragua
Sambia initiation rites
Semen swallowing
Heiner
Prostitution and the Status of Women in South Korea
Nonreproductive sexual behavior
Conceptualized as sexual deviance
Examples include homosexuality, pedophilia, prostitution, exhibitionism, fetishes, voyeurism, sodomy, oral and anal intercourse, bestiality, necrophilia, pornography, sadomasochism, masturbation, and so on.
Sexual behavior vs. sexual orientation
Behavior = choice
Orientation = not a choice
Transsexualism
A condition where an individual identifies with a gender inconsistent or not culturally associated with their assigned sex, a person's assigned sex at birth conflicts with their psychological gender
Prostitution Facts
Over 80 percent of prostitutes say they wish to get out of prostitution
Get in due to coercion by pimps and procurers, debt, poverty, drug dependency, lack of employable skills, and the attraction of an exciting, albeit risky, lifestyle
40 percent of prostitutes are former child prostitutes who were illegally forced into the profession through human trafficking or once were teenage runaway
60% of children reported missing as a result of running away become prostitutes for some period of time just to survive
Male prostitutes account for roughly 20 percent of the national prostitute population
The average age at which male prostitutes begins their work is about 14 years old. Male prostitutes usually do not have pimps and work independently. This allows them to leave prostitution more easily at an average age of 25 years.
The average female prostitute enters her job when she is only 16 or 17 years of age.
Female prostitutes leave prostitution less frequently than their male counterparts. This is mainly because they work for pimps. They typically have shorter lives because they are subject to the abuse from both clients and pimps
58% percent of U.S. prostitutes reported violent assaults at the hands of clients. The average number of annual beatings received was twelve. With a higher instance of physical violence perpetrated against them, female prostitutes are more likely to get murdered.
Prostitutes also have an increased incidence of sexually transmitted diseases
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The destination of most trafficked persons from Africa is China.
B. To pay off their passage debt of $40,000, Chinese women brought to the United States have been forced to have sex with hundreds of men.
C. Children are seldom sex trafficked into the United States.
D. Forty percent of all trafficked victims are older than 20.
E. All of the above.
B
Why is it important to study globalization and deviant behavior?
A. The United States is one of the few countries that do not engage in international deviant behavior.
B. It helps to understand how simple the solutions can be if the international community could cooperate.
C. It illustrates how the United States has avoided complicity in international crime.
D. It illustrates how complex and pervasive worldwide problems are.
E. All of the above.
D
Which of the following statements about globalization and deviance is FALSE?
A. It involves worldwide vulnerabilities to multinational global threats.
B. Legal jurisdictions are a problem for controlling global crime.
C. Global corporate crime is hard to control because governments and politicians are beneficiaries.
D. Sex trafficking is a global problem that so far has not affected the United States.
E. None of the above.
D
Which of the following statements about human trafficking is FALSE?
A. Despite new laws, conventions, and awareness, it is not decreasing.
B. Federal agents are more concerned with labor than sex trafficking.
C. Most trafficking involves sex.
D. “Mail-order brides” has been discovered to be an answer to sex trafficking.
E. All of the above.
D
Which of the following statements about globalization and deviant behavior is FALSE?
A. There are now international crime syndicates.
B. Most human trafficking suspects are female.
C. About 1 in 10 cases of human trafficking are labor cases.
D. Mexico is the primary source of child trafficking into the United States.
E. None of the above.
B
T or F
About 50,000 females are trafficked into the United States every year.
T
T or F
Canada is the primary supplier of trafficked children to the United States
F
4 Main Globalization Processes
The movement/flows of people
The movement/flows of goods, capital, and services
3) The rapid movements/flows of information, ideas, and ideals across national borders
The expansion and intensification of social fields/space
International Deviant Acts/Crimes
Sex trafficking
Organ trafficking
Human trafficking
Terrorism
Piracy
Pirate attacks
Illegal immigration
Sexual tourism
What are four techniques corporations use to neutralize guilt and rationalize crime?
Denial of responsibility
2) Denial of injury
Denial of the victim
Condemn the condemners
Major myths about sexual tourism in Rio de Janeiro
1) Victim/Victimizer stereotype
2) Sex is considered exotic
3) Underage sex slaves are often forced into prostitution
Da Silva, A. & Blanchette, T
Sexual Tourism and Social Panics: Research and Intervention in Rio de Janeiro
Hills
Corporate Violence and the Banality of Evil
Globalization
The pervasive, rapid, worldwide spread (i.e., movement, flow) of people, capital, goods, services, ideas, information, and social networks
Examples of global threats
International terrorism and cyber warfare
Oil and energy shortages and crises
Food shortages and rising food prices
Worldwide financial crises (such as the Asian crisis in 1997, European crisis in Greece 2009–2010, and the U.S. shift from a creditor to a debtor nation during the 2008 recession).
Potentially catastrophic ecological disturbances (e.g., oil spills, climate change, rising sea levels, and pollution)
Daily reports of international crimes and violence, which clearly indicate that globalization has a dark and seamy side
Human trafficking findings
Federal agencies were more likely to lead labor trafficking investigations (29%) than sex trafficking investigations (7%).
More than half (62%) of the confirmed labor trafficking victims were age 25 or older, compared to 13 percent of confirmed sex trafficking victims.
Confirmed sex trafficking victims were more likely to be white (26%) or black (40%), compared to labor trafficking victims, who were more likely to be Hispanic (63%) or Asian (17%).
Four-fifths of victims (83%) in confirmed sex trafficking incidents were identified as U.S. citizens, while most confirmed labor trafficking victims were identified as undocumented aliens (67%) or qualified aliens (28%).
Most confirmed human trafficking suspects were male (81%). More than half (62%) of confirmed sex trafficking suspects were identified as black, while confirmed labor trafficking suspects were more likely to be identified as Hispanic (48%).
About eight in ten of the suspected incidents of human trafficking were classified as sex trafficking, and about one in ten incidents were classified as labor trafficking.
Ninety-four percent of sex trafficking victims are women and girls.
About 50,000 women are trafficked into the United States every year.
The United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime "Global Report on Trafficking in Persons" 2012 found that
27 percent of all persons trafficked were children.
the destination of 70 percent of all persons trafficked was the Middle East, and that most of the victims were from Western or Central Europe.
major trafficking offenses were proportionally distributed as sexual exploitation (58%), labor/Servitude (36%), begging (1.5%), organ removal and marketing (.2%). Sixteen countries were found to be involved in the human organ trade.
"The number of convictions for trafficking in persons is in general very low. Notably, of the 132 countries covered, 16 percent did not record a single conviction between 2007 and 2010."
Trafficking Children
Mexico as the number one center for the supply of young children to North America
Many are sold to rich, childless couples unwilling to wait for bona fide adoption agencies
Majority are sent to international pedophile organizations
Children are snatched while on errands for their parents.
Often they are drugged and raped
Most of the children over 12 end up as prostitutes
Many children are forced into the pornography industry
Note
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