Module 3: Becoming a Member of a society

This refers to the lifelong process of social interaction through which people acquire their identities and necessary skills in society.

Socialization

A process that enables the development of citizens to function effectively within a particular political system.

Political Socialization

It refers to the process of accepting the social norms, attitudes, roles, and values transmitted by people and social groups within society as one’s own.

Internalization

Views society as the primary factor responsible for how individual learn to think and behave.

Functionalist

Explains that if people fail to play their expected roles or behave “strangely,” there is incomplete or inadequate socialization.

Talcott Parsons

View socialization as an interactive process between individuals and other members of society.

Interpretevist sociologists

He proposed a synthesized view of socialization that considers factors such as free will, human autonomy, and social structures and processes that influence socialization.

William Wentworth

It refers to the particular circumstances of a society and consists if its culture, language, and the social structures that define social class, ethnicity, and gender.

Social context

Refers to ideas, beliefs, behavior, and other information that are passed on by members of society to the individual

Content

Refers to the methods of interaction that enable the content to be given to the person undergoing socialization.

Process

This refers to the outcomes of socialization

Results

This is a significant result of socialization which refers to the establishment of a unique sense of identity and an awareness of how it relates to their society and the world.

Self-identity

A term used to describe the process of being socialized into a specific culture.

Enculturation

A renowned American anthropologist who believes that one must undergo a process of learning a culture “in all its uniqueness and particularity.”

Margaret Mead

He considers enculturation as “both a conscious and unconscious conditioning process whereby a person, as a child and an adult, achieves competence in his or her culture, internalizes it, and becomes thoroughly enculturated.”

E. Adamson Hoebel

is the primary agent of socialization of an individual upon birth, throughout infancy, and up to childhood.

The Family

has a critical and active role in socialization, as their various academic and social activities mold students’ beliefs, values, and attitudes

School

This refers to people who share the same interests or characteristics such as age and social background.

Peer Groups

includes forms of communication such as books, magazines, newspapers, and other printed materials, radio, television, and movies

Mass Media

This portrays as an ideological marketplace that enhances debate and electoral choice

Pluralist model

This suggests that media reflects the views of the general public and that media presents what they think the people want.

Market model

It traces bias to links between media and the political and social elite.

Dominant ideology

Recognizes media bias as a product of the personal views of media professionals such as journalists, broadcasters, and editors.

Elite-values model

It is significant in socializing forces for an entire generation

Major Social

These are considered the ultimate sources of authority, making the church and government important agents of socialization.

Religion and State

The changes and developments brought about by historical events often cause transformations

Historical Events

This refers to the process of altering one’s thoughts and actions to adapt to the accepted behavior within his or her group or society.

Conformity

This refers to the outward conformity to social pressure but privately disagreeing with it.

Compliance

Refers to the individual adopting a certain behavior because it enables him or her to have a satisfying relationship with the members of his or her group.

Identification

It involves both public compliance and internal acceptance of the norms and standards imposed by the group.

Internalization

It is defined as a behavior that elicits a strong negative reaction from group members and involves actions that violate commonly held social norms.

Deviance

Consider crime and deviance as the result of structural tensions and lack of moral regulation within society.

Structural-functionalist framework

Argues that the tensions and strains between socially-approved goals and an individual’s ability to meet them will lead to deviance

Structural strain theory

Points to the emergence of deviant behavior within certain groups in society or subcultures.

Subcultural view

Considers deviance as a socially constructed phenomenon influenced largely by interpersonal relationships between members of society

Symbolic-interactionist view

Analyzes deviance in the framework of competing interests between social groups and the maintenance of power among elites.

Conflict perspective

Consider deviance as emerging because of inadequate social controls.

Control Theories

It is defined as any systematic means and practices used to maintain norms, rules, and laws; regulate conflict; and discourage deviant behavior.

Social control

These are those provided for by laws and other regulations in society.

Formal sanctions

These are the most commonly imposed by smaller societies, communities, or groups.

Informal sanctions

This refers to the idea that a person has the innate right to be valued, respected, and treated well.

Human Dignity

These are legal, social, and ethical principles that consider the human person as deserving of liberties and protections by virtue of his or her human dignity.

Human Rights

Characteristics of Human Rights

Universal, Fundamental, Indivisible, Absolute