Tags & Description
stress
any circumstances that threaten or are percieved to threaten one’s well-being and that thereby tax one’s coping abilities
what type of disease can be stress related?
chronic diseases (develop gradually)
(ex. heart disease, cancer, stroke)
major stressors
significant immediate impact
(ex. divorce, death, new baby)
routine hassles
cumulative impact with significant impact over time
(ex. daily stress at home, work, or school)
stress depends on what?
the appraisal of the situation
acute stressors
relatively short duration and a clear endpoint
easier to deal with
chronic stressors
long duration and no apparent time limit
harder to deal with
what are the 4 main types of stress?
frustration
conflict
change
pressure
frustration
blocked goal
occurs in any situation in which the pursuit of some goal is thwarted
ex. failure, loss of something we are used to having
conflict
two or more incompatible motivations
vacillation
process of going back and forth between options due to indecision
what is approach-approach conflict?
a situation involving a choice between two equally desirable but incompatible alternatives
ex. deciding whether to eat pizza or spaghetti for dinner
what is avoidance-avoidance conflict?
a situation involving a choice between two equally objectionable alternatives
ex. choosing between unemployment or a bad job
what is approach-avoidance conflict?
a situation involving a single goal or option that has both desirable and undesirable aspects or consequences
ex. a date with an attractive person, but chance of rejection
what did holmes and rahe create?
the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)
pressure
expectations to behave in certain ways
performance pressure
the importance of doing well on a particular occasion
typically involves performers who care deeply about what they are doing
percieved pressure
influenced by worries about poor performance, balancing perfomance + non-performance commitments, and dealing with expectations (from others and oneself)
what are the 3 main types of stress response?
emotional responses
physiological responses
behavioural responses
what is the inverted U hypothesis?
task performance improves with increased emotional arousal up to a certain point
after this point, further arousal is disruptive and performance deteriorates
peak performance
optimal level of arousal
according to the inverted U hypothesis, what is the optimal level of arousal for a simple task?
high level of arousal
according to the inverted U hypothesis, what is the optimal level of arousal for a complex task?
low level of arousal
cognitive anxiety
involves negative expectations about themselves, the situation they are in, and the potential consequences
somatic anxiety
the physiological arousal component of pressure (ex. rapid heart rate, shortness of breath, upset stomach, tense muscles)
what is the cue utilization theory?
as arousal increases, attention focus narrows and the narrowing process tends to gate out irrelevant environmental cues first and then, if arousal is high enough, the relevant ones
according to the cue utilization theory, how does high arousal effect our attention field?
high arousal narrows our attention field, and we may miss task-relevant information
according to the cue utilization theory, how does low arousal effect our attention field?
low arousal lets task-irrelevant information into our attention field
what did selye say about stress?
stress is a disease of adaptation
what are the 3 phases of stress response according to selye’s general adaptation syndrome model?
alarm
resistance
exhaustion
what is the “alarm” stage of selye’s general adaptation syndrome model?
recognizing a threat and mobilizing resources to deal with it
what is the “resistance” stage of selye’s general adaptation syndrome model?
arousal stabilizes, but is still above baseline
prolonged stress
what is the “exhaustion” stage of selye’s general adaptation syndrome model?
the body’s resources for fighting stress are limited or depleted
what does the autonomic nervous system (ANS) do when stress is present?
the hypothalamus activates the sympathetic division of the ANS, stimulates the adrenal glands to release catechlolamines = mobilize body for action
what does the pituitary gland do when stress is present?
hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to secrete corticosteroids = increase energy and inhibit tissue inflammation
coping
efforts to master, reduce, or tolerate the demands created by stress
how does “positive illusion” help stress?
normal people tend to have overly favorable self-images, overestimate the degree to which they control chance events, and display unrealistic optimism about the future
what are the 4 things that constructive coping involves?
confronting problems directly
realistic appraisals
recognizing disruptive emotional reactions
self-care
what are the 4 components to burnout?
exhaustion
cynicism
reduced self-efficacy
loss of meaning
psychosomatic
physical ailments with a genuine organic basis that are caused in part by psychological factors
hypochondriasis
physical ailments are viewed as being “all in one’s head” or imagined
what are the three elements of a type A personality?
strong competitiveness
impatience and time urgency
anger and hostility
what is the optimistic explanatory style?
leads people to attribute setbacks to temporary situational factors
what is the pessimistic explanatory style?
leads people to blame setbacks on their own personal shortcomings