Chapter 13 - Reformations and Religious Wars

Anticlericalism

Opposition to the clergy

Indulgences

A document issued by the Catholic Church lessening penance or time purgatory; widely believed to bring forgiveness of all sins

Pluralism

Multiple positions at one time

Nepotism

Giving offices to unqualified family and friends

Simony

Selling of church offices

Wordly pleasures

Involved in prostitutions, uncelibate

Uneducated

Clergy were often ______

Martin Luther

A German monk who broke away from Catholicism after witnessing corruption in the Church

Salvation/grace through faith alone and the distinction between church and state (secular order)

Martin Luther believed in:

95 Theses

Luther’s criticism of the Catholic Church, posted on the church’s doors and spread by the printing press

1517

When was the 95 Theses?

Charles V

A Habsburg, and the Holy Roman Emperor (Catholic German king) who opposed Luther’s beliefs

King vs. Pope

Nobles vs. King

Common power struggles:

Diet of Worms

Charles V demanded that Luther retract his ideas, which he did not

Protesant

The name originally given to the followers of Luther, which came to mean all non-Catholic Western Christian groups

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss humanist and protestant, claimed that Christian life rested on the Scripture and criticized Mass and monasticism

2 Sacraments, Communion and Baptism

Protestants believe in:

German nobles

Luther was supported by _______

Greater political and economic independence

Why was it beneficial for authorities to become Proestant?

Crop failures, oppressive rents, and backings of Protestant belief

What were causes of the German Peasants Revolt in 1524?

German Peasants Revolt of 1524

uprising of peasants citing Protestant belief

“Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants”

Luther’s work condemning the peasants, stressing the importance of secular order

Anabaptists

believed in a delayed baptism and who wanted to complete separate from secular order

Munster Rebellion

An attempt by radical Anabaptists to claim a city, later put down by a combination of Protestants and Catholics

Celibacy

Protestants disregarded __________

Habsburg

Dynasty of German-based Catholics opposed to the spread of Protestants

Peace of Augsburg

Charles V met with nobles to permit each territory to choose Protestant or Catholic faiths

Disunified Germany, restricted religious freedom, N Germany Protestant, S Germany Catholic

Outcomes of Peace of Augsburg

1555

When was the Peace of Augsburg?

Annulment

declaring a marriage null and void by proving it never happened

Henry VIII

Tudor king during the Protestant Reformation

Henry VIII wanted an annulment for a son, political and economic independence

Causes for English break in Catholicism:

Anglican

The Church of England, formed of the the English Reformation

Act of Supremacy

Declared Henry VIII as the supreme ruler of the Church of England

Monasteries

Wealth was obtained through the possession of _______ in England, which were sold and redistributed to the nobles

Pilgrimage of Grace

A popular revolt in Northern England against Henry VIII’s break from the Catholic Church

Ireland

_______ opposed the English due to their devout Catholicism

Mary Tudor

Devoutly Catholic English queen after Henry VIII, reversing Protestantism and slaughtering Protestants

Elizabeth

Reign followed Mary Tudor, she re-established the Anglican church, but as a more moderate blend of the two religions to unify people

Mary Queen of Scots and Philip II

made a plot to assassinate Queen Elizabeth

Defeat of the Spanish Armada

Large Spanish fleet under Philip II defeated; sent in response to England’s execution of Mary Queen of Scots

1588

When was the Defeat of the Spanish Armada?

It signified the rise of English power and the decline of Spanish power

Why was the Spanish Armada important?

John Calvin

a Protestant theologian and reformer who established his own religion in Geneva, Switzerland

Calvinism

A Protestant faith founded on predestination and a powerful theocracy

Predestination

The teaching that God has determined the salvation or damnation of individuals based on his will and purpose, not on their merit or works

“The Institutes of the Christian Religion”

Calvin’s formulation of Christian doctrine, which became a systematic theology for Protestantism

John Knox

A follower of Calvin, who founded the Presbyterian faith in Scotland, putting an end to papal authority and created a governance by presbyters, or councils of ministers

Catholic Reformation

a response from the Catholic church to the criticisms of Luther; reformed clergical morality but reaffirmed common Catholic doctrines

Pope Paul III

The chief proponent and leader of the Catholic Reformation

Holy Office

The official Roman Catholic agency founded in 1542 to combat international doctrinal heresy with jurisdiction over the Roman Inquisition

Council of Trent

A 1545 meeting of church officials to address issues in Catholicism and to establish clergical reform and reaffirm Catholic doctrine

Ursuline Order of Nuns

founded by Angela Merici, attained enormous prestige for the education of women

Jesuits

Members of the Society of Jesus, founded by Ignatius Loyola, whose goal was to spread Roman Catholic faith (missionary work)

Huguenots

French Calvinists

Henry IV (of Bourbon/Navarre)

French Protestant king who switched to Catholicism and created more order in terms of religion

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre

A marriage ceremony turned bloodbath in 1572 when Catholics killed Huguenots and Protestants

Politique

Catholic and Protestant moderates who held that only a strong monarchy could save France from total collapse; rulers placed the country over themselves

Edict of Nantes

Issued in 1598, where Henry IV officially declared France as Catholic, but allowed Huguenots to practice their own faith

A civil war occurred between Protestants and Catholics in the area

How did Protestantism affect regions in the Netherlands and Belgium

Union of Utrecht

The alliance of seven northern provinces (led by Holland) that declared its independence from Spain and formed the United Provinces of the Netherlands

Witch Panic

often occurred after a climatic disaster, had a wider range of suspects including the wealthy, children, and more men. Most common in the Holy Roman Empire, Switzerland, and parts of France because rulers of small, divided regions saw persecuting witches as a way to demonstrate their piety and concern for order

Transubstantiation

words of a priest transform bread and wine into the body and blood of Christ

translation of the New Testament into German

by Luther in 1523, led to the acceptance of his dialect as the standard written version of the German language

Katharina von Bora

former nun, married Martin Luther, had several children, defined the role of a Protestant housewife

Iconoclasm

destruction of religious images, Calvinist's smashed statues, stained glass, and paintings

clerical immorality, clerical ignorance, clerical pluralism, and past events, the Babylonian Captivity and the Great Schism, both weakened religious faith

Common peoples’ anticlericalism can be described as:

the bread and wine were literally the body & blood of Christ ; they were simply symbolic

Differences in Protestantism grew, as Luther believed _____ and Zwingli believed ____ :

“supreme governor of the Church of England ; an Anglican church midway between Protestantism and Catholicism

Queen Elizabeth I declared herself _____ and created _____ :