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Galen was born
129 AD
John Snow invented the chloroform mask
1848
The Black Death
1348 - 1350
Henry VIII’s “dissolution of the monasteries”
1536
College of Physicians set up
1518
Thomas Sydenham published “Observationes Medicae”
1676
Andreas Vesalius published “On the Fabric of the Human Body”
1543
Gutenberg invented the printing press
1440s
1st British printing press set up
1470s
The Royal Society was founded
1660
The Royal Society began its medical journey “Philosophical Transactions”
1665
William Harvey published “On the Motion of the Heart and Blood”
1628
Monasteries had returned to pre-dissolution levels
1700s
The Great Plague
1665
Great Fire of London
1666
Edward III closed parliament
1349
Louis Pasteur, a French chemist, was employed to find an explanation for the souring of sugar beet used in industry alcohol
1857
Louis Pasteur published Germ Theory
1861
Robert Koch identified Anthrax spores
1876
Inoculation was introduced into Britain from Turkey
1718
Edward Jenner injected James Phipps with pus from a milkmaid (Sarah Nelmes) who had cowpox
1796
The Royal Society refused to publish Jenner’s findings so he paid to do it himself
1798
Parliament gave Jenner ÂŁ10,000 to open a vaccination clinic
1802
Vaccination was made free for infants
1840
Vaccination was made compulsorary
1853
Smallpox was declared wiped out
1979
Crimean War
1853 - 1854
Florence Nightingale published “Notes on Nursing” which became the standard nursing textbook
1859
There were over 60,000 nurses in Britain
1900
The Nurses Registration Act was passed
1919
Mary Seacole came to England to volunteer in the Crimean War
1854
British chemist Humphry Davy identified nitrous oxide (laughing gas) as a possible anaesthetic
1799
American dentist Horace Wells carried out a public demonstration of nitrous oxide (unfortunately choosing a patient unaffected by nitrous oxide)
1845
American Crawford Long discovered Ether’s anaesthetic properties but didn’t publish his work
1842
American dental surgeon William Morton carried out a public demonstration of Ether
1846
James Simpson discovered the effects of Chloroform
1847
William Halsted investigated the use of cocaine as a local anaesthetic but developed a severe cocaine addiction
1884
The death rate for surgery was 50%
1864 - 1866
The death rate for surgery was 15% (having decreased due to Lister’s work)
1867 - 1870
Cholera reached Britain
1831
Cholera broke out in the Broad Street area of London
1854
John Snow published his report “On the Mode of Communication of Cholera”
1855
Edwin Chadwick' published a report linking poor living conditions to poor health
1842
1st Public Health Act
1848
2nd Public Health Act
1875
The “Great Stink” forced the government to plan a new sewer system
1858
The 2nd Reform Act
1867
Artisans’ Dwelling Act
1875
River Pollution Prevention Act
1876
Dmitry Ivanovsky investigated mosaic, a disease killing tobacco plants
1892
Francis Crick and James Watson discovered the double-helix structure of DNA
1953
The Human Genome Project was completed
2003
Paul Ehrlich set out to find chemicals that would act as synthetic antibodies
1889
The bacterium causing syphilis was identified
1905
Sahachiro Hata joined Ehrlich’s team and rechecked the results of his experiments
1909
Gerhard Domagk found that Prontosil, a red dye, stopped streptococcus microbe from multiplying in mice
1932
Domagk’s daughter pricked herself with a needle and caught streptococcus; Domagk gave her a large dose of Prontosil
1935
Radiation was discovered by Marie Curie, Pierre Curie and Becquerel
1896 - 1898
Wilhelm Röntgen discovered x-rays
1895
CT scans were invented (a combination of computers and x-rays)
1972
MRI scans were invented, which use radiowaves and magnetic fields
1970s
MRI scans became widely used
1980s
Blood pressure monitors were developed
1980s - 1990s
Alexander Fleming came to clear up some old culture dishes growing staphylococcus
1928
Fleming published his articles on the use of Penicillium notatum but nobody was willing to fund further research
1929 - 1931
Ernst Chain developed the freeze-drying technique to purify penicillin
1938 - 1940
America joined WW2
1941
The US government began giving grants to businesses that manufactured penicillin
December 1941
British businesses began to manufacture penicillin
1943
Fleming, Florey and Chain won a Nobel Prize
1945
Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups
1901
Doctors found that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting so it could be stored outside the body
1914
1st ever blood bank set up at the Battle of Cambrai
1917
The British National Blood Transfusion Service was established
1946
The first successful transplant of the cornea of the eye was performed
1905
The 1st successful heart transplant was carried out by Christian Barnard
1967
Keyhole surgery was developed
1980s
The 1st surgical robot was introduced
1985
The government started a diphtheria vaccination campaign
1940
The deaths from diphtheria decreased from 3,000 in 1940 to 6
1957
Britain suffered a series of polio epidemics
1940s - 1950s
The 1st polio vaccine was introduced
1956
Polio was all but eradicated
1980
The Great Smog
1952
The government launched the Change4Life campaign
2009
The government launched the Drinkaware campaign
2004
The link between smoking and lung cancer was proven
1950
The Royal College of Physicians recommended a ban on tobacco advertising
1962
Cigarette adverts were banned from television
1965
Tobacco companies were forced to put warnings on cigarette packets
1971
The government banned smoking in public places in England
2007
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