Midterm 2023

Scarab/Dung Beetle

symbol of rebirth in Ancient Egypt; “life emerging from the waste”

Importance of sun

sun = life

Ra

God of sun & light; creator god; considered King of Gods in Old Kingdom

Amun

God of air; name means “the hidden”; Considered King of Gods in Middle Kingdom

Amun-Ra

Amun and Ra combined into one; all powerful god of sun and universe

Syncretism

Blending of two or more religious beliefs or deities

Myth of Osiris

Egyptian myth that reinforces Egyptian concept of life, death & rebirth

Eye of Horus

symbol of healing & protection

Set

god of chaos; human qualities

dualism

two sides; sense of balance

Hieroglyphics

sacred carvings used for royals

Papyrus

paper-like substance made out of papyrus plant

The Rosetta Stone

an inscribed stone with three languages that helped decipher the Ancient Egyptian language

Pharoah

Great house; ruler of Egypt

Dynasty

right to rule passed through family

Mastaba

the first Egyptian tomb built for pharoahs

step pyramid

second phase of pyramids where its built like cakes

full pyramids

final pyramids which we recognize today

mummification

the preservation of a dead body

Hyksos

nomadic tribe from Asia that ruled Egypt for 100 years

chariots

brought to Egypt by Hyksos

Egyptian Empire

Egypt conquering other nations

Kingdom/Monarchy

ruled by king/queen

Empire

conquered others

Imperialism

empire-building

city state

a town or city and the surrounding land

cuneiform

wedge shaped writing

ziggurats

temples of layers

polytheism

belief in multiple gods

Hammurabi

leader of Babylon

Code of Hammurabi

complex harsh system of laws

Ashurbanipal

leader of Assyria; known for great library at Nineveh

Assyrian accomplishments

among first to use calvary; destroyed Babylon

The Epic of Gilgamesh

Mesopotamian story focused on topic of immortality

Urban Society

Living together in communities; preserving physical legacy ; building structures for different purposes

Religion

System of beliefs; answers to unanswerable questions

Literacy

Ability to read, write, and communicate

Government

organize and regulate human activity; laws to regulate life

Specialization

use of unique skills to benefit all; sign that a civilization has gone to the “next level” of advancements

Social Classes

Groups of people with common characteristics

Tool-making

Ability to problem-solve

Technology

application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes

Concept of time

Ability to understand patterns and use them to your ability

Trade

Exchange of networks

Agriculture

Ability to grow food and create a surplus; irrigation and domestication

What is the name of the main mountain pass in the mountain ranges above India?

Khyber pass

Himalayas; Hindu Kush; Karakoram

mountain ranges in India

South

Deccan

Indo-Gangetic Plain

the Harappan Civilization ruins are found in the ______

weather; main source of water; defense against attacks

Effects of mountain passes in early India

monsoon

seasonal wind

Comes from South

monsoon in June-October

120 degrees

Temperatures in India can reach up to

The Ganges

river in India which gets the most rain

Agriculture & Concept of Time

signs of civilization shown by effects of monsoons

Loess

Gives the Huang He its color

Chang Jiang

another name for Yangtze River

Rice

main crop in Early China

Zhong Guo

name for China in early china; China is above all

China Proper

The most cities and greatest population, coastal, valleys, isolated

Very little

How much is known of the Indus Valley Civilization?

Grid patterned streets; baths; citadels

examples of urban society in early India

seals & pictographs

found related to literacy/language in early India?

city-states

government of early India

toys

important evidence of artisans in early India

we don’t know

What happened to the Harappan Civilization?

well

In the early Indian civilization, each house had their own ____

Indo-Aryans

he name of the nomadic group that took over the Indus valley

The Vedic Age

the name of the age the Indo-Aryans brought

Sanskrit

language of Indo-Aryans

Monism

Belief based in "one-ness"

Vishnu

“Preserver”; maintains Naga the monster snake

Brahma

“Creator” in Hindusim

Shiva

“The Destroyer” in Hinduism

Upanishads

the Vedanta writing that was extremely hard for the average person to understand

The cycle of life, death, and rebirth

the Hindu gods represent

Kshatriyas

the warrior caste in the Indian caste system

Samsara

the cycle of reincarnation

Feng Shui

a system of laws to allow the flow of Qi

Siddhartha Gautama

Buddha’s birth name

Nirvana

Enlightenment on Earth

The cause of suffering is desire

2nd Noble Truth

Eightfold Path

follow the _______

Right speech; right effort; right mindfulness

part of the Eightfold path

journey; destination

“Happiness is the __ not the _”

Actions on Earth determine the progress of the soul

similarity between Hinduism and Buddhism

Different writings; different gods; acceptance of caste system

differences between Hinduism and Buddhism

Shang & Zhou

first Chinese dynasties

Dragon

worshipped animal in early Chinese religion

Ceramics; chariots; bronze

evidence of tool making in ancient China

ancestor worship

The ancient Chinese practiced ______

silk

_______ was the start to the economic growth from trade in China

Zhou

the longest ruling Chinese dynasty

virtue

The right to rule is based on the ruler's _____

the fall of the Zhou

The era of the "Warring States" led to:

Qi

the life force that flows through everything and maintains balance

wind-water

What does Feng Shui mean?

yin

cold; passive; night; female; moon

yang

active; hot; day; male; son

Upanishads

set of writing made by Vedanta