Studied by 23 peopleWhat are the six characteristics of life?
-respond to environment
-grow and develop
-reproduction
-maintain homeostasis or keeping things constant
-complex chemistry
-cells
responding to the environment
It means to detect changes in an environment. For example: stepping on a turtle (the turtle will move)
reproduction
Producing offspring, asexually (an exact copy of organism) or sexually (different)
maintaining homeostasis/keeping things constant
keeping things relatively stable on the inside regardless of the conditions around them
For example: humans maintain a stable internal body temperature
complex chemistry
Consisting of large, complex molecules and undergo many complicated chemical changes to stay alive
For example: metabolism
ecology
The study of the relationship between organisms and their environment
lag phase
slow population growth due to low number of individuals to mate
exponential phase
plenty of resources and mates lead to rapid growth
carrying capacity
the maximum number of of individuals an ecosystem can hold
Parasitism
a relationship between two organism where one is benefitted and one is harmed
Commensalism
a relationship between two organisms where one is benefitted and the other is not harmed nor benefitted
Mutualism
a relationship between two organisms where both are benefitted
What is the food pyramid with each trophic level?
-quaternary consumers (carnivores)
-tertiary consumers (carnivores)
-secondary consumers (carnivores)
-primary consumers (herbivores)
-primary producers (plants)
niche partitioning
one species will naturally be better suited to a niche and the other will adapt to occupy a slightly different niche
Competitive exclusion
One species will naturally be better suited to a niche and cause the other species to decline and go extinct
Keystone species
A species that has a huge effect on the biodiversity of its ecosystem
How much energy is passed from one trophic level to the next?
10%
What do animals use the rest of the 90% of energy for?
Homeostasis (breathing)
Moving
Dying
What determines global climate patterns?
Input of solar energy and the planet’s movement in space
Why do equatorial regions get hotter?
They receive sunlight more directly
Why are equatorial regions moister?
Ascending moist air releases moisture doldrums. The sun makes all the water evaporate and that causes heavy rainfall.
How are deserts created/found?
The dry air goes away from the equator created dry deserts. They are found away from the equator.
What is the most distinguishing feature for each of the biomes?
Temperature and precipitation
What are the 9 biomes?
desert
Tropical rainforest
Taiga
Deciduous forest
Savana
Grassland
Arctic tundra
Alpine tundra
Chaparral
What are 3 ways organisms could divide or partition a niche so there is no exclusion?
compete for different food sources
Forage at different times
Forage in different areas
trophic cascade
happens when keystone species have an indirect impact has a positive influence on organisms for outside of its own food chain.
For example: Wolves positively affect elk, grass, trees, birds, beavers, and more
What are the building blocks of all living things?
The four macromolecules
carbohydrates
Proteins
Nucleic acids
Lipids
What is the purpose of carbohydrates?
Provides the body with glucose
What is the purpose of nucleic acid
Stores energy
What is the purpose of lipids?
energy source, genes, dna
Photosynthesis
Process where plants transform light energy and reactants into chemical energy that can be sued to do work
Cellular respiration
Something organisms use to obtain chemical energy needed
What is aerobic cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration using oxygen
What is anaerobic cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration without oxygen
What is the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
What is the equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 +6H2O + ATP
How is energy transformed in photosynthesis?
light (kinetic)
electrons (chemical)
proton gradient (potential)
moving protons (kinetic)
ATP (chemical)
What happens one the thylakoid creates its end product?
It will be used in the calvin cycle (LIR)
Where does the calvin cycle take place?
Stroma
What is the first step of LDR?
UV rays from the sun hit the pigments in photosystem 2 which causes water to split.
What is the second step of LDR?
The electrons are energized by light energy from the sun
What is the third step of LDR?
Electrons are captured by electron carries
What is the fourth step of LDR?
Electrons are passed from acceptor to acceptor like a relay race. As this occurs, the electrons are loosing energy
What is the fifth step of LDR?
The energy from the electrons is used to pull H+ from the stroma into the lumen.
What is the sixth step of LDR?
a proton gradient is created in the lumen
What is the seventh step of LDR?
The protons are under enormous pressure to esacpe
What is the eighth step of LDR?
The protons escape by rapidly moving through the enzyme ATP synthase
What is ATP synthase?
The enzyme that makes ATP
What is the ninth step of LDR
The moving protons are used to spin the turbine in ATP synthase
What is the tenth step in LDR
The spinning turbine is used to add a phosphate to ADP, making ATP
What is the 11th step in LDR?
The electrons are received by photosystem 1 where they are re-energized by light
What is the 12th step in LDR
Newly energized electrons are passed along 3 electron carries and then loaded onto NADP+ to make NADPH
What is the 13th step in LDR?
Now the ATP and NADPH will carry usable energy from the thylakoid to the stroma to be used in the calvin cycle
What is the first step of the calvin cycle?
5C sugar is combined with CO2 by the enzyme RuBisCo to produce a 6C sugar, which is very unstable
2nd step of calvin cycle?
The 6c sugars breaks into two 3c units
3rd step of calvin cycle?
The energy from ATP and the electrons from NADPH are then used to rearrange 3c units
4th step in calvin cycle?
The carbon reorganizer is a series of reactions that reforms the 5c sugars and sets aside 1 carbon to be used in glucose
5th step in calvin cycle?
The cycle must occur 6 times to produce glucose
What is the purpose of cellular respiration?
To convert energy stored in glucose C6H12O6 to energy in the form of ATP
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis (no oxygen needed)
Where is the glycolysis located
cytoplasm
What is the purpose glycolysis?
Splits glucose into 2 pyruvates
What is second step in cellular respiration?
the kreb cycle
Where is the kreb cycle located?
Matrix of mitochondria
What is the purpose of the kreb cycle?
Pyruvate’s broken down to acquire electrons
What is the third step of cellular respiration?
Electron transport chain
Where is the ETC located?
The inner membrane of the mitochondria
What is the final electron acceptor in the chain is reduced to water
Oxygen
The electron transport chain yields how many ATP for each molecules of glucose
28 ATP
An experimenter is testing the effects of the drug Y on blood pressure. Which of the following would be the independent variable?
Heart Rate
Blood pressure
Amount of drug Y
Amount of drug Y
Another name for the independent variable is
Manipulated
Another name for dependent variable is
Responding
What is the ultimate source of energy in an ecosystem?
Sun
What type of competition is between members within a species.
Intraspecies Competition
What type of energy is the energy of movement?
Kinetic
What type of energy is present because of an object's position or structure?
Potential
What type of energy is found in the bond between atoms of a larger molecule?
chemical
What type of reaction releases energy and involves breaking a larger molecule into smaller ones?
Exergonic
What molecule is the all purpose energy source for almost every reaction in a cell?
ATP
The goal of photosynthesis is to make glucose. What are the two molecules of chemical energy that are made in the LDR so they can be used in the LIR to make glucose?
ATP and NADPH
Where do the Light Dependent Reactions (LDR) take place?
Thylakoid
What substance is able to absorb light energy?
Pigments and chlorophyll
Light energy is used to split water and then is first converted into what energy?
Energized electrons
Note
Flashcard