APUSH Ch. 32 Quiz Study Guide

London Economic Conference

• 66-nation economic conference

• Organized to stabilize international currency rates

• FDR decided to revoke American participation

• Contributed to a deepening world economic crisis

Good Neighbor policy

• Departure from Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

• Stressed nonintervention in Latin America

• Begun by Herbert Hoover

• Associated with FDR

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

• Reversed traditional high-protective-tariff policies

• Allowed president to negotiate lower tariffs w/ trade partners

• President didn't need Senate approval

• Chief architect was Secretary of State Cordell Hull

• Hull believed that tariff barriers choked off foreign trade

Rome-Berlin Axis

• Nazi Germany (Hitler) & Fascist Italy (Mussolini) allied

• Signed after they both had intervened in Spanish Civil War

• Intervened on behalf of fascist leader Francisco Franco

Johnson Debt Default Act

• Steeped in ugly memories of WWI

• Prevented debted nations from borrowing more from U.S.

Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, & 1937

• Short-sighted acts passed

• Prevented American participation in a European war

• Americans couldn't sell munitions to foreign war forces

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

• Idealistic American volunteers

• Served in the Spanish Civil War

• Defended Spanish republican forces from Franco’s coup

• 3000 Americans served w/ volunteers from other countries

Quarantine Speech

• Important speech delivered by FDR

• “Positive endeavors” to “quarantine” land-hungry dictators

• Presumably through economic embargoes

• The speech flew in the face of isolationist politicians

Appeasement

• Policy followed by leaders of Britain & France at the 1938 Munich Conference

• Purpose was to avoid war

• Allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia

Hitler-Stalin pact

• Signed on August 23, 1939

• Germany & Soviet Union agreed not to fight each other

• Paved way for German aggression against Poland & Western democracies

Neutrality Act of 1939

• Stipulated that European democracies might buy American munitions

• Only if they could pay in cash & transport in their own ships

• Policy known as “cash-and-carry”

• Represented an effort to avoid war debts

• Protected American arms-carriers from torpedo attacks

Kristallnacht

• German for “night of broken glass”

• Murderous pogrom

• Destroyed Jewish businesses & synagogues

• Sent thousands to concentration camps

• Night of November 9, 1938

• Thousands more attempted to find refuge in the U.S.

• Were turned away due to restrictive immigration laws

War Refugee Board

• U.S. agency

• Helped rescue Jews from German-occupied territories

• Provided relief to inmates of Nazi concentration camps

• Didn't begin operations until very late in the war

• Started after millions had already been murdered

America First Committee

• Isolationist advocacy group formed in September 1940

• Opposed American intervention in WWII

• Boasted 800,000 members at its peak

• Support for committee dissipated after Pearl Harbor attack

Lend-Lease Bill

• Based on the motto “Send guns, not sons”

• Abandoned former pretenses of neutrality

• Allowed Americans to sell unlimited supplies of arms

• Sold to any nation defending itself against the Axis powers

• Patriotically numbered 1776

• Praised as a device for keeping the nation out of WWII

Atlantic Charter

• Meeting on warship off Newfoundland coast in Aug 1941

• FDR & British prime minister Churchill signed this covenant

• Outlined future path toward disarmament, peace, & permanent system of general security

• Spirit animated the founding of the UN

• Raised awareness of individual human rights after WWII

Pearl Harbor

• American naval base in Hawaii

• Japanese warplanes destroyed numerous ships

• Caused 3000 casualties

• December 7, 1941 ~ “live[d] in infamy” according to FDR

• Attack brought the United States into WWII

Benito Mussolini

• Lived from 1883-1945

• Fascist leader of Italy from 1922-1943

• Launched Italy into WWII on the side of the Axis powers

• Became a close ally of Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler

• Lived from 1889-1945

• Nazi dictator of Germany from 1933-1945

• Mastermind behind the Holocaust

• His rapacious quest for power provoked WWII

Francisco Franco

• Lived from 1892-1975

• Spanish general

• His troops defeated the Loyalists in Spanish Civil War

• Stayed head of the Spanish state until he died

Cordell Hull

• Lived from 1871-1955

• Secretary of state under President FDR

• Chief architect of Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

• Foreign trade increased under trade pacts he negotiated.

• A chief architect behind UN

• Awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945

• "Co-initiat[ed] the United Nations"

Wendell L. Willkie

• Lived from 1892-1944

• Known as the "rich man’s Roosevelt"

• Novice politician

• Republican businessman

• Lost to FDR in the 1940 presidential campaign

• Won more votes than any previous GOP candidate

• FDR still beat him by a landslide

1933

FDR torpedoes London Economic Conference

1933

United States recognizes Soviet Union

1933

FDR declares Good Neighbor policy toward Latin America

1933

Hitler becomes German chancellor

1933

Germany quits League of Nations

1934

Tydings-McDuffie Act provides for Philippine independence on July 4, 1946

1934

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

1934

U.S. Marines vacate Haiti

1935

Mussolini invades Ethiopia

1935

U.S. Neutrality Act of ____ (Hint: The first passed in the 1930s)

1935

Japan quits League of Nations

1936

U.S. Neutrality Act of ____ (Hint: The second passed in the 1930s)

1936

Mussolini and Hitler form Rome-Berlin Axis

1936

Stalin begins Great Purge

1936

German troops invade Rhineland

1936-1939

Spanish Civil War

1937

U.S. Neutrality Act of ____ (Hint: The third passed in the 1930s)

1937

Panay incident

1937

Japan invades China

1938

Hitler seizes Austria

1938

Munich Conference

1938

Kristallnacht in Germany

1939

Hitler seizes all of Czechoslovakia

1939

Nazi-Soviet pact

1939

World War II begins in Europe with Hitler's invasion of Poland

1939

U.S. Neutrality Act of ____ (Hint: The fourth passed in the 1930s)

1940

Fall of France

1940

Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, Netherlands, and Belgium

1940

United States invokes first peacetime draft

1940

Havana Conference

1940

Battle of Britain

1940

Bases-for-destroyers deal with Britain

1940

FDR defeats Willkie for presidency

1941

Lend-Lease Act

1941

Hitler attacks Soviet Union

1941

Atlantic Charter

1941

Japan attacks Pearl Harbor