Studied by 45 peopleAvogadro's Number
number of representative particles in a mole, 6.022 X 10^23. Also the number of atoms there are in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12.
Mole
The amount of substance that contains the Avogadro's number of chemical units
Molar mass
mass in grams of one mole of an element. Determined for an element by using average atomic mass. Units of grams per mole. Molar masses of elements contain equal numbers of atoms.
Atomic mass
The mass of an atom expressed in atomic mass units. (amu).
Average atomic mass
Sum of the atomic masses of each isotope multiplied by the decimal of its percent abundance. The weighted average of the atomic mass of every naturally occurring isotope of an element.
Atomic number
Refers to the number of protons found in the nucleus of an element
Mass number
the total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom
Isotopes
Atoms of one element that vary only in the number of neutrons in the nucleus, and thus have different atomic masses.
Hyphen notation
Element-mass number
Nuclear symbol
the superscript indicates the mass number and the subscript indicates the atomic number.
Atom
the smallest complete part of an element that can exist alone or in combination with other atoms
Nucleus
the positively charged dense center of an atom
Electron cloud
a region with a negative charge around the nucleus of an atom where electrons are likely to be found
Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
J.J. Thomson carried out an experiment where he measured the ratio of the charge to mass of the cathode ray, and the ratio was always the same. He concluded that all cathode rays are made of identical negatively charged particles named electrons.
Oil Drop Experiment
A drop of oil was placed in a cylinder with negative and positive plates, the drops were charged using an x-ray. Different waves of xrays let the drops fall at different rates. Determined that the mass of the electron is 9.10 x 10^-28 by Robert Milikan.
Conclusions of electron experiments
Because atoms are electrically neutral, they must contain a positive charge to balance the negative electrons. Because electrons have much less mass than atoms, atoms must contain other particles that account for most of their mass.
Plum pudding model
J.J Thomsons model of an atom, in which he thought electrons were randomly distributed within a positively charged cloud.
Gold Foil Experiment
Conducted by Ernest Rutherford in which alpha particles that were shot at gold foil were deflected when they hit the positive center of gold atoms. Conclusions: Alpha particles must have experience a powerful force. Source of the force must take up a very small space. Source must be a densely packed bundle of matter with a positive electric charge, called the nucleus.
Protons
Positive charge equal in magnitude to that of an electron. Relatively heavy particles. Equals the number of electrons in a neutral atom. Found in the nucleus. Identifies an element.
Neutrons
No electrical charge, same weight as a proton, found in the nucleus.
Electrons
Negative charge. Very light: 1/1837th the mass of a proton. Exist in regions called shells or energy levels, which they can go between.
Elements
pure substances that cannot be broken down chemically into simpler kinds of matter
Vertical columns on the periodic table
groups or families (each group contains elements with similar chemical properties)
Horizontal rows on the periodic table
periods, physical and chemical properties change somewhat regularly across a period.
Elements placed below
Lanthanide series and the actinide series: metallic elements that are placed below to keep the table from being too wide.
Metals
Good electrical conductor and good heat conductor. Most are solid at room temp. Malleable. Ductil, can be drawn into a wire. High tensile strength: won't always break when pulled.
Nonmetals
Poor conductor of heat and electricity. Many are gases at room temperature. Brittle.
Metalloid
Between metals and nonmetals. All are solid at room temperature. Less malleable than metals but not as brittle as nonmetals. Semiconductors of electricity.
Noble gases
Unreactive, very unique, gases at room temperature, used in lighting.
Early Ideas of the Atom
The particle theory of matter, supported by Democritus. Aristotle thought all matter was continuous. Neither view is supported by experimental evidence.
Foundations of Atomic Theory
Late 1700s: Virtually all chemists accept the modern definition of an element. Elements can combine to form compounds that have different physical/chemical properties than the elements that form them. 1790s: New emphasis on analytical analysis of chemical reactions, improved balances, chemists began to accurately measure the masses of elements and compounds.
Law of conservation of matter
Matter is not created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
law of definite proportions
A compound contains the same elements in the same proportions by mass
Law of Multiple Proportions
Two elements can come together in more than one way, but those mass rations will equal a small whole number.
Dalton's Atomic Theory
elements are composed of atoms. 2) atoms of same element are identical, but differ from other elements. 3) atoms cannot be subdivided, created, or destroyed. 4) atoms of different elements combine in simple whole number ratios to form chemical compounds. 5) in chemical reactions, atoms are combined, separated, or rearranged, but not destroyed.
Incorrect parts of Dalton's theory
2, a given element CAN have atoms with different masses, and 3, atoms ARE DIVISIBLE into even smaller pieces.
Reactants
A starting material in a chemical reaction
Products
The elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction.
Significant figures
All the digits that can be known precisely in a measurement, plus a last estimated digit
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space, measured by the mole
Modern atomic theory
all matter is composed of atoms
atoms of any one element differ in properties from atoms of another element remain unchanged
Accuracy
A description of how close a measurement is to the true value of the quantity measured.
Precision
a measure of how close a series of measurements are to one another
Scientific notation
A method of writing or displaying numbers in terms of a decimal number between 1 and 10 multiplied by a power of 10.
Metric prefixes
King Henry Died Unexpectedly Drinking Chocolate Milk
Compound
A substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Heterogeneous mixture
A mixture that is not uniform in composition; components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture
Homogeneous mixture
A mixture in which substances are evenly distributed throughout the mixture and it is uniform throughout
Density
mass/volume
Mass
the amount of matter in an object
Note
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