ap euro midterm that idk

Beccaria

- argued against "cruel and unusual "punishments including the death penalty.

Henry IV

= politique because he became Catholic to fix the religious mess in France.

Tennis court Oath

- vows not to disband until a constitution if formed.

Oliver Cromwell

- leads army that defeats royalist.

Aristotelian universe

- included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world.

Encomienda system

- basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)

James I

- wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliaments consent.

English Bill of Rights

- settled all major issues between king + parliament.

Franco Dutch war

- expanded french territory to Netherlands.

Prides purge

- Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a "Rump "Parliament.

Predestination

- God already decided who is saved /damned.

Electors

- can only be males over 21 that owned or rented property.

Edict of Nantes

Henry IV Passed religious toleration in England.

Charles I

- very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars.

male citizens

Tax paying ____ have the rights to vote.

Puritan Commonwealth

The ________- creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government.

decides

Committee of public safety- ________ who lives and dies in trials.

Pragmatic sanction

________- Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir.

Florence

________- ruled by medici family.

John Wycliffe

________- stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection.

Edict of Restitution

________- all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored.

civic humanism

idea that education should prepare leaders to achieve in civic affairs

Francis Petrarch

father of humanism

humanism

emphasized human beings, achievements, interests, capabilities

individualism

personality, uniqueness, genius, full development of capabilities

Florence

ruled by medici family

cottage industry

textile (cloth) work done by peasants in their homes

inner city warfare in Italy

no city wanted any other city getting too strong

john Wycliffe

stressed bible was sole authority and personal connection

Edict of Worm

Luther is outlawed

predestination

God already decided who is saved/damned

Pease of Augsburg

religion determined by local ruler

religious reason

France is religiously divided (nobles want to be huguenots)

political reason

nobles dont want to submit to monarchy so they adopt calvinism to resist

passed Edict of Nantes

religious toleration in England

causes

religious division of HRE + Hasburgs too powerful

Civil war in Bohemia

Catholic leader but Protestant majority

Defenestration of Prague

Catholic leaders thrown out window into manuer by Protestants

Edict of Restitution

all catholic land lost to Protestant was restored

causes

renaissance, missionaries, monarchs seeking new revenue, technology advances

new technology

caravel, lateen sail (sail with or against the wind), wheel lock

House of Trade

control economic matters in colonies

Viceroyalties

states controlled by Viceroys

Viceroys

appointed by monarch + controlled military and civil authority

Encomienda system

basically said people can do whatever they want to natives (slavery)

The treaty of Tordesillas

pope gives Portugal slave trade and Spain control of South America

Cause

French Religious Wars, thirty years war, inflation

common obstacles

bad roads (infrastructure), lack of census info to tax, competition for power with monarchs clergy and nobles

Declaration of Clergy of France

limited the Popes power

appointed new finance minister

Colbert

Code Louis

centralized uniform code of law

Franco-Dutch war

expanded french territory to Netherlands

janissaries

army composed of slaves (devshirme)

devshirme

christian slaves

millet system

religious community granted autonomy for taxes

Pragmatic sanction

Habsburgs possession can never be divided, must be passed to one heir

Frederick William "The great Elector"

strengthened central authority

Frederick William I "The Soldier King"

strengthened royal authority and created greatest army through draft

Ivan III "Ivan the Great"

continued mongol policies but did not recognize mongols as Russias leaders

Ivan IV "Ivan the Terrible"

1st to take title of "tsar" and controlled boyars (nobles)

Peter the Great

modernization and westernization of Russia

Table of Ranks

merit based military system

souls tax

every person had to pay a tax

magna carta

king must ask for popular consent to tax from Parliament

Elizabeth bargain

parliament and king have cooperative "alliance" before civil war

James I

wanted absolute power, alienated puritans, and taxed without parliaments consent

gunpowder plot

people tried to blow him up

Charles I

very catholic, needed money from parliament to pay for wars

Ship tax

since parliament wont give money he creates a new tax on inland people

Petition of Rights

parliament says they will give money if Charles promises to not tax without consent, no imprisonment without due cause, etc

Civil war

royalist vs parliamentarians

Battle of Naseby

name drop

Prides purge

Cromwell kills anyone in House of Commons that supports king and creates a "Rump" Parliament

The Puritan Commonwealth

creates new constitution but is not recognized as a proper form of government

The Protectorate

Cromwell dismisses Rump Parliament, gives relgiious toleration to Jews, Cromwell becomes a dictator and people HATE HIM (but he dies soon)

Charles II

willing to play the parliament game but was secretly sympathetic to Catholics

James II

VERY Catholic and absolutist so hes gotten rid of immediately and sent to live with Louis XIV in France

English Bill of Rights

settled all major issues between king + parliament

steady economy

not much inflation

masters of the carrying trade

would ship goods everywhere

Dutch East India Co

stock/investment system

separated religion from education

students allowed to experiment on humans

England broke off Dutch trade

1651 Navigation Act reqd goods to be transported on English ships which weekend Dutch economy

Aristotelian universe

included Heaven, used perfect crystal fifth element to explain world

Empiricism

sense based thinking (Bacon)

Inductive Reasoning

observe → generalize → find patterns (Bacon)

Deductive Reasoning

experiment → predict → theorize (Descartes)

Descartes

dualism (Mind and matter), deductive thinking, doubt everything

Galen

illness comes from imbalance of 4 humors

Vesalius

human anatomy

Harvey

circulatory system

Voltaire

freedom of speech and religion

Diderot

complied Encyclopedia

Beccaria

argued against "cruel and unusual" punishments including the death penalty

The war of Austrian Succession

Maria Theresa took Austrian Throne and Frederick the Great wanted part of Austrian territory (Silesia) so he fought for it and won

Seven Years War

Europe wanted to lower Prussias power so an alliance was formed between France, Russia, Sweden, and Austria

reforms

further westernized, supported the studying of philosophy, tried to educate and improve local gov

Maria reform

limited power of papacy fixed bureaucracy, weakened nobles

Joseph reform

outlawed serfdom

Bourgeoisie want

abolition of mercantilism, fair distribution of taxes, great voice in gov + REVOLT