Chapter 25 - Carbohydrates

Rayon

________ is created from cellulose that has been chemically changed and regenerated.

Starch

________ may be divided into two parts known as amylose and amylopectin.

carbon atoms

Tri,- tetra,- penta,- hexa,- and other prefixes are used to denote three, four, five, and six ________, respectively.

Carbohydrates

________ are the most common organic compounds on the planet.

Sucrose

________ is a disaccharide composed of d- glucose and d- fructose linked by an a- 1, 2- glycosidic linkage.

skeletal polysaccharide

Cellulose, a plant's ________, is a linear polymer of d- glucopyranose united by b- 1, 4.

extensive hydrogen

The ribbon- like shape of the individual chains, which fit together flawlessly through ________ bonding to generate exceptionally strong structures, accounts for cellulose's strength.

heterocyclic ring

When an amine, usually as part of a(n) ________, makes a connection with the anomeric carbon, an N- glycoside is formed.

alditol

A(n) ________ is a polyhydroxy molecule created by reducing a monosaccharide's carbonyl group to a hydroxyl group.

structural reinforcement

They are necessary for all forms of life because they serve as energy storage (glucose, starch, and glycogen), ________ (cellulose), and genetic information storage as components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

point of reference

The ________ in a monosaccharide is the chiral center furthest away from the carbonyl group.

Monosaccharides

________ are the monomers from which bigger carbohydrates are produced and have molecular formulae of CnH2nOn (3 n 8)

carbon atoms of chiral centers

The ________ are not identified in a Fischer projection.

OH group

________ in the Fischer projection is on the right side of the carbon atom.

Amylopectin

________ is a highly branched polymer of d- glucopyranose held together by a- 1, 4- glycosidic linkages and, at branch sites, a- 1, 6- glycosidic bonds.

term Mutarotation

The ________ refers to the change in specific rotation that accompanies the interconversion of a- and b- anomers in aqueous solution.

Lactose

________ is a disaccharide composed of d- galactose connected to d- glucose by a b- 1, 4- glycosidic bond, whereas maltose is composed of two molecules of d- glucose united by an a- 1, 4- glycosidic bond.

Amylose

________ is a linear polymer composed of up to 4000 d- glucopyranose units linked by a- 1, 4- glycosidic linkages.

Horizontal lines

________ represent groups that project above the plane of the paper, while vertical lines show groups that project below the plane of the paper.

Cyclic monosaccharide structures

________ are frequently drawn as Haworth projections, with the five- membered or six- membered cyclic hemiacetal drawn as The anomeric carbon atom is on the right, with the hemiacetal oxygen atom in the rear.

l monosaccharide

A(n) ________ has the same structure around its penultimate carbon atom as l- glyceraldehyde, with the.

cyclic hemiacetal structure

A(n) ________ is in equilibrium with the open- chain monosaccharides.

monosaccharide units

A disaccharide is composed of two ________ connected by a glycosidic bond.