Renaissance
the "rebirth" of classical culture that occurred in Italy from 14-16th centuries; revived earlier classical culture
Northern Renaissance
the more christian and less secular part of the Renaissance, occurred anywhere other than Italy, christian humanism
humanism
an intellectual movement that originated in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman Classics; revival of antiquity
secularism
the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance
individualism
emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person
civic humanism
intellectual movement of Italian Renaissance that said humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state
printing press
created by Johann Gutenberg; led to growth of vernacular literature and helped spread protestant ideas
secular
worldly
vernacular language
native language in a specific area
patronage of the arts
wealthy people (merchant families) commissioned Italian Renaissance art
The Prince
Machiavelli; handbook for monarchs on how to rule properly (not based on morals)
Serfdom
peasants/slaves in manor system (feudalism), tied to land
Petrarch
"father of humanism", influenced by Cicero, wrote in Italian vernacular
Lorenzo Valla
expert of latin language, exposed the donation of Constantine as a fraud, pointed out errors in Latin Vulgate, catholic and secretary under Pope Nicholas V
Marsilio Ficino
Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.
Pico della Mirandola
Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.
Leonardo Bruni
civic humanist, serve as chancellor in Florence
Baldassare Castiglione
The Book of the Courtier (handbook for aristocrats), ideal of Renaissance man
Michelangelo
Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta, dome on St. Peters Basilica
Donatello
sculptor; bronze david, first renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in a sculpture
Raphael
painter; School of Athens, created "madonna and child" paintings
Leon Battista Alberti
came up with the concept of creating a "perfect" individual during the Renaissance which included; Having a high regard for human dignity, A realization of all people, and having an ability to have many achievements
Filippo Brunelleschi
Duomo, "father of linear perspective"
Leonardo da Vinci
embodiment of "Renaissance man" (painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, scientist), Mona Lisa
Jan Van Eyck
Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)
Peter Brueghel the Elder
northern ren. artist, focused on lives of ordinary people, not influenced much by Italian ren.
Ferdinand and Isabella
Hapsburg Dynasty, Reconquista and Spanish Inquisition
Star Chamber
Henry VII, tortures nobles for having armies (to limit their power so they wouldn't challenged monarch's authority)
Renaissance merchants
were rich and powerful, and heavily involved in the artistic and cultural achievements of the period (patronage, bourgeoisie)
Renaissance financiers (Bankers)
Important banking family groups such as the Medicis
Nepotism
The practice of appointing family members to positions of favor. The practice was very common in the Catholic Church
protestant reformation
corruption in the catholic church led to strong figures splitting from the church and creating a new religion
pluralism
holding one or more office in the church- church abuse
Martin Luther
German, used to be Augustinian monk, believed salvation can be achieved through faith alone and hated the idea of selling indulgences- Famous saying "Here I stand, I can do no other."
indulgences
people payed money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones (the paper)
Ninety-five theses
posted on church door in Wittenberg, Luther criticized the selling of indulgences and questioned authority of the pope
Diet of Worms
Assembly of the German Princes where Charles V demanded Luther recant his writings. Luther stated
"Here I stand I can do no other."
ecclesiastical abuses
flaws within the church: simony, pluralism, absenteeism, indulgences, nepotism, clerical ignorance
twelve articles
peasants demanded end of
serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry, inspired by Luther and given to HRE emperor
Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants
Written by Martin Luther between 1524 and 1526, denouncing the German Peasants' Revolt, which he had previously supported
Hapsburg Dynasty
situated in Austria and Spain ; wanted to gain control of Germany following the Thirty Years' War and bring it back to Catholicism, powerful, wealthy, and married to their advantage
Holy Roman Empire
consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German states, Kind of ruled by the holy Roman emperor
Charles V
Inherited a lot of land in Europe (Spain, Austria, and Netherlands), very powerful, summoned Diet of Worms, wanted to re-Catholicize Germany. Spent much of his life fighting Protestants and the Ottoman Turks.
Appeal to the Nobility of the German Nation
Luther discussed devout laypeople and churchmen call on the German princes to reform the church
Peace of Augsburg
temporarily ended the struggle of in Germany over Lutheranism, princes in Germany could choose either Lutheran or Catholicism
John Calvin
In Geneva, a French religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society.
Institutes of the Christian Religion
Calvin's foundation work for Calvinism, predestination, "the elect"
Predestination
God knows if you will go to heaven or hell before you are born, main principle of Calvinism
Anabaptists
simple life, disagreed with early baptism, separation from state
Henry VIII
English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)
Act of Supremacy
Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.
Church of England
Anglican church, formed when Henry broke away from Catholic church
Book of Common Prayer
the official prayer and liturgical (worship manual) book of Anglicanism. Charles I and Laud tried to impose it upon all Protestant churches in England- many people resisted. The Scots hated it. Puritans did not like the Catholic like rituals
Puritans
members of a group of English Protestants in the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete; Calvinists- purify the Anglican church of Catholic practices
Elizabeth I
English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise. Fought off Catholic Spain under Phillip II
Catholic Reformation
counter reformation, response to gain of Protestantism and critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed
Council of Trent
established Catholic dogma for the next four years that said
equal validity of scripture, church traditions, writings of church fathers
salvation by both good works and faith
all 7 sacraments are valid, transubstantiation reaffirmed
monasticism, celibacy of clergy, purgatory reaffirmed
approved index of forbidden books
St. Teresa of Avila
Important Spanish nun who had mystical visions. She was a Catholic reformer / writer who encouraged a contemplative life through mental prayer- Part of Catholic Reformation
Ignatius Loyola
founder of Jesuits (focused on education), wrote Spiritual Exercises
Spiritual Exercises
written by Ignatius Loyola, guidebook that was ued to train Jesuits
Jesuits
society of Jesus
goals:
reform the church through education
spread the gospel to pagan peoples
fight Protestantism
Index of Prohibited Books
A list of books banned from Catholic countries that supported Protestantism (Luther or Calvin) or that were overly critical of the Church (e.g. Erasmus).
Catherine de Medici
dominated three french kings, worked hard to maintain Catholic control in France, ordered massacre of Calvinists (St. Bartholomew Day Massacre)
Huguenots
french Calvinists that were suppressed in France, strong among nobility
St. Bartholomew Day Massacre
-marriage of Margaret of Valois to Bourbon Huguenot Henry of Navarre intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots
-Henry of Guise ordered leader of Huguenot party murdered
-Catherine de Medici ordered massacre of Calvinists
-initiated War of Three Henrys
War of Three Henrys
civil war between Valois, Guise, and Bourbons
politique
those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else like religion
Henry IV of France (Navarre)
became first Bourbon king, rise to power ended the French civil war and placed France on a gradual course towards absolutism, converted to Catholicism, politique, the Edict of Nantes
Edict of Nantes
Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to the Huguenots and ushered in an era of religious pluralism
Phillip II
a Hapsburg ruler like his father Charles V, sought to reimpose Catholicism in Europe; under his rule, Spain became dominant country in Europe, committed to Catholic crusade
Council of Blood
Dutch name for the Duke of Alba's military execution of over one thousand Dutch Protestants, aka council of troubles
Prince William "the silent" of Orange
was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648, led 17 provinces in the Netherlands and Flanders against the Spanish Inquisition
United Provinces of the Netherlands
formed in 1581 (the Dutch Republic) the northern territories
Spanish Armada
navy, Spain's attempt to invade England, ends in disaster, signaled rise of England as a world naval power (downfall of Spanish economically)
Thirty Years War
most important war of the 17th century, failure of Peace of Augsburg, four phases (France won)
Defenestration of Prague
triggered war in Bohemia, HRE placed severe restrictions on Protestantism, two HRE members thrown out a window and fell 70 feet into manure, emperor then sought to annihilate the Calvinist nobility in Bohemia
Gustavus Adolphus
king of Sweden, led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia
-battle of Breitenfeld
Cardinal Richelieu
french, allied with Protestant forces to defeat the HRE
his policies reflected Catholic Frances' paramount diplomatic concerns as political and not religious (so he's a politique)
Peace of Westphalia
renewed Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism, ended Catholic Reformation in Germany, guaranteed that Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries
-dissolution of Holy Roman Empire was now confirmed
Prince Henry "the navigator"
financed numerous expeditions along the West African coastline in hopes of finding gold
caravel
were small ships used in ocean travel. They were ideal for the users as they were easy to navigate, and the Portuguese, some of the best navigators in the world, rose to the top of the exploration world due in part to caravels
astrolabe
mariner's
used to determine latitude by measuring the altitude of celestial bodies