Studied by 2 peopleCartography
the study and practice of making maps Ex- In the middle ages the cartographers had studied the map in a flat structure while today the cartographers make maps based on the Earth being round.
Climate
a measure of the average pattern of variation in temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, wind, precipitation, atmospheric particle count and other meteorological variables in a given region over long periods of time. Ex- The climate in a country can become a push factor for the people, because it can cause social and economic problems.
Conservation
Preservation, protection, or restoration of the natural environment, natural ecosystems, vegetation, and wildlife. Ex- If something that is wanted more than the amount that are being produced, the quantity start to disappear and can cause damage to the economy pillar. If something in the economy becomes a strong problem then the people will have a push factor.
Culture
The body of customary beliefs, social forms, and material traits that together constitute a group distinct tradition. Ex- Those music videos that become very popular are considered a culture art that many people like.
Diffusion (types)
the Spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time
Hierarchal diffusion
Acceptance of religion by the emperor command
Relocation Diffusion
Migration
Ex. of Diffusion
Gangnam style became a big diffusion in the United States.
Distance Decay
The Diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin. Ex- The Latin languages becoming their own languages.
Distribution
The arrangement of something across Earth surface. Ex- Merchants that trade their products
Environmental Determinism vs. Possibilism
A nineteenth and early twentieth- century approach to the study of geography which argued that the general laws sought by human geographer could be found in the physical sciences. Possibilism is the theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action from many alternatives.
GIS
A computer system that stores, organizes, analyzes, and displays geographic data. Ex- High governed officials would use this.
Globalization
Actions or processes that involve the entire world and results in making something worldwide in scope.
GMT & Time Zones
The time zone in the zone encompassing the prime median (0 degrees longitude)
Time Zones
a region that has a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Ex- Greenland and Iceland use this time zone
GPS
A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.
International Date Line & Prime Meridian
An arc for the most part, follows 180 degrees longitude, when you cross the international date line heading east (time goes back 24 hours) or when you go west (calendar moves ahead one day)
Prime Meridian
designated as 0 degrees longitude, that passes through the royal observatory at Greenwich, England.
Latitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the equator
Longitude
The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the prime meridian
Prime Meridian(?)
An arc drawn on a map between the north and south poles
Parallel
A circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator and at right angles to the meridians.
Place
A specific point on earth distinguished.
Site
the physical character of a place
Situation
The location of a place relative to another place
Ex. of Place, Site, and Situation
These three define a certain area and its characteristics.
Projection (types)
A system used to transfer locations from Earth surface to a flat map.
Mercator projection
shape is distorted very little, direction is consistent, and the map is rectangular. Its greatest disadvantage is that relative size is grossly distorted toward the poles, making high- latitude places look much larger than they actually are.
Goode Homolosine Projection
Has correct proportions and locations, direction and distance are not proportionate, bad ocean information so cannot be used to navigate
Robinson Projection
Useful for displaying info across the oceans, its disadvantage is that land areas are much smaller than interrupted maps of the same size.
Ex of Map projections
All the different types of projection maps have their own advantages and disadvantages, just like the globe.
Regions (types)
An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features. Types are Formal, Functional, and Vernacular
Formal Region
(Uniform region), is an area within which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristics.
Functional Region
an area organized around a node or focal point.
Vernacular Region
an area that people believe exists as part of their culture identity.
Scale
The relationship between the portion of Earth being studied and Earth as a whole
Sustainability
The use of Earth's renewable and nonrenewable natural resources in ways that do not constrain resource use in the future.
Toponym
The name given to a portion of Earth surface
Population
A group of organisms of the same species populating a given area.
CBR
The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
CDR
The total of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.
NIR
The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.
Census
A complete enumeration of a population.
Contraceptives
a device or drug serving to prevent pregnancy.
Demographic Transition Model
The process of change in a society population from a condition of high crude birth and death rates and low rate of neutral increase to a condition of low crude birth and death rates, low rate of natural increase and higher total population.
Density (types)
The frequency with which something exists within a given unit of area.
Dependency Ratio
The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force.
Doubling Time
The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.
Ecumene
The portion of Earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement.
Epidemiological Transition
Distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition.
Industrial Revolution
A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
Medical Revolution
Medical technology invented in Europe and North America that has diffused to the poorer countries in Latin America, Asia, and Africa. Improved medical practices, have eliminated many of the traditional causes of death in poorer countries and enabled more people to live longer and healthier lives.
Infant Mortality Rate
The total number of deaths in a year among infants under one year of age for every 1,000 live births in a society.
John Snow's Cholera Research
He is considered one of the fathers of modern epidemiology, in part because of his work in tracing the source of a cholera outbreak in Soho, London, in 1854.
Life Expectancy
The average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions. Life expectancy at birth is the average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live.
Pandemic
Disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects a very high proportion of the population.
Population Cartogram
A presentation of statistical data in geographical distribution on a map based on the population.
Population Pyramid
A bar graph that represents the distribution of population by age and sex.
Sex Ratio
The number of males per 100 females in the population.
Strategies to Reduce CBR
Policies that restrict a certain amount of children born
Government policies have focused on reducing birth rates by improving women's rights, sexual and reproductive health.
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Thomas Malthus's Theory
The populations of the world would increase in geometric proportions while the food resources available for them would increase only in arithmetic proportions.
Total Fertility Rate
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.
Asylum Seekers
someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee.
Refugees
People who are forced to migrate from their home country and cannot return for fear of persecution because of their race, religion, nationality membership in a social group, or political opinion.
Internally Displaced person
Someone who has been forced to migrate for similar political reasons as a refugee but has not migrated across an international border.
Brain Drain
Large- scale emigration by talented people
Circulation vs. Migration
Circulation: Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis.
Migration
A form of relocation diffusion involving a permanent move to a new location.
Urbanization
an increase in the percentage of the number of people living in urban settlements.
Suburbanization
is the growth of areas on the fringes of cities.
Counterurbanization
Net migration from urban to rural areas in more developed countries
Demographics of Typical Migrants
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Emigration vs. Immigration
Emigration- Migration from a locationImmigration- Migration to a new location
European Migrants to the US
There was a mass European migration in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. About 2 million Europeans migrated to the American colonies and the newly independent United states prior to 1820.
Forced Migration
the workers are in permanent movement, usually compelled by cultural factors.
Voluntary Migration
Permanent movement undertaken by choice.
Guest Worker
A term once used for a worker who migrated to the developed countries of Northern and Western Europe, usually from Southern and Eastern Europe or from North Africa, in search of a higher-paying job.
Internal Migration
Permanent movement within a particular country
International Migration
Permanent movement from one country to another.
Interregional Migration
Permanent movement from one region of a country to another
Intraregional Migration
Permanent movement within one region of a country.
Intervening Obstacle
An environmental or culture feature of the landscape that hinders migration
Mexican Migrants to the US
There is a lot of legal and illegal Mexican migrants coming in to the U.S. males have been the highest percentage of Mexican migrants.
Migration Transition
A change in the migration pattern in a society that results from industrialization, population growth, and other social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition.
Net Migration
The difference between level of immigration and the level of emigration
Origin & Destination of Migrants
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Pull vs. Push Factors (types)
Political, Environmental, Economical.
Quotas
In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.
Custom vs. Habit
Custom is the frequent repetition of an act, to the extent that it becomes characteristic of the group of people performing the act. Habit is a repetitive act performed by a particular individual. These tie into Folk and Popular culture because a lot of customs form from cultures while habits are specific of the individual.
Diffusion of Folk & Popular Culture
Compared to popular culture, folk is transmitted from one location to another more slowly and on a smaller scale, primarily through relocation diffusion, which is migration. While the spread of popular culture, like popular music, usually follows the process of hierarchical diffusion (diffusing rapidly and extensively from hearths of innovation with the help of modern communications).
Distribution of Popular Culture
Popular culture is distributed widely across many countries, with little regard for physical factors. The main obstacle to access is lack of income to purchase the material.
Electronic Diffusion of Culture
Popular culture diffuses rapidly around the world, primarily to electronic media. The world's most important electronic media format is the TV. Watching TV is the most popular leisure activity in the world.
Folk & Popular Clothing
people that live in folk cultures have traditionally worn clothing in part in response to distinctive agricultural practices and climatic conditions. While in popular culture clothing preferences generally reflect occupations rather than particular environments. For example: the folk custom in the Netherlands wearing wooden shoes is practical when in a wet climate.
Folk & Popular Housing
Folk housing styles respond to environmental and cultural factors. Popular housing in the U.S is produced by construction companies.
Folk & Popular Sports
Some surviving Folk sports are: Cricket, which is primarily played in the U.K and former British colonies, Wushu, which are forms of martial arts popular in china, and Baseball, which is popular in North America and Japan. Organized spectator sports today are part of popular culture like soccer.
Folk & Popular Music
Popular music is written by specific individuals for the purpose of being sold or performed of a large number of people. While Folk music may tell stories about life-cycle events, like birth, death, and marriage, or also environmental features, like agriculture and climate.
Hearth
A hearth is a region from which innovative ideas originate. For example where soccer originated- Britain.
Origin of Folk & Popular Culture
Folk Culture has anonymous hearths, originating from anonymous sources, at unknown dates, through unidentified originators. Popular culture is usually a product of developed countries especially in North America and Europe. Pop culture is usually traceable to a specific thing while folk culture has typically an unknown point of origin.
Taboo
A restriction on behavior imposed by social customs. Like the Hindu taboo on consuming cattle.
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