Anatomy and Physiology I: Histology

Define tissue

A group of cells that work together to carry out a specific function

Is tissue living?

Yes

What is a gland?

Organ/specialized cells that produce secretions

Exocrine glands

Secrete out of the body (i.e. sweat), have ducts and tubes

Endocrine glands

Secrete hormones directly into tissue and is taken into bloodstream

Four types of tissue

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What is epithelial tissue for?

Covering

What is connective tissue for?

Support

What is muscle tissue for?

Movement

What is nervous tissue for?

Control

Define zygote

Result of fertilization

What are the stages of embryonic development?

Zygote→morula→blastula→gastrula

What are the 3 germ primary layers of tissue?

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Covers the body’s surface and in the lining of hollow organs (i.e. urinary bladder, stomach, mouth, vagina)

How is epithelial tissue classified?

By cell shape and number of layers

Define the word part “pseudo”

Fake

What are the 4 cell shapes of epithelial tissue?

Squamous, cuboidal, columnar, transitional

Define squamous

Flat

Define cuboidal

Square

Define columnar

Rectangular

Define transitional

Can change shapes

Define simple

1 layer

Define stratified

2 or more layers

Define pseudostratified

Looks like 2+ layers but is only 1

What are cilia?

Hair like projections made up of cytoskeleton

What are the functions of cilia?

To move and trap things

What tissue is cilia found on?

Pseudostratified columnar

What are microvilli?

Small projections

What is the function of microvilli?

To increase surface area

What surface of epithelial cells are microvilli found on?

Apical surface

What do goblet cells produce?

Mucus

What kind of gland make up goblet cells?

Exocrine

Where are goblet cells found?

Respiratory and digestive passages

True or false: transitional epithelium can be stretched

True

What is the only cell shape that can be pseudostratified?

Columnar

What are all epithelium attached to?

Basement membrane

Is the basement membrane a cellular or an acellular structure?

Acellular

What are the surfaces of an epithelial cell?

Apical surface and basal surface

What cell shape is best for absorption?

Squamous

Function and location of simple squamous epithelium

Function: diffusion of selective gases/molecules

Location: air sacs, blood vessels, parts of kidney

Function and location of simple cuboidal epithelium

Function: protection, secretion

Location: kidney tubles, excretory ducts

Function and location of simple columnar epithelium

Function: absorption, protection

Location: GI tract

Function and location of stratified squamous epithelium

Function: protection

Location: lining of mouth, esophagus, tongue

Function and location of stratified cuboidal epithelium

Function: protection of cells/tissues

Location: sweat gland ducts

Function and location of stratified columnar epithelium

Function: protection, secretion

Location: pharynx, excretory

Function and location of pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Function: transport trapped particles, filtering

Location: nasal cavity, windpipe, bronchi

Function and location of transitional epithelium

Function: stretch, contract, expand

Location: urinary bladder

How can you identify pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

Nuclei are on different levels

What are stem cells?

Cells with no specific function that can become specialized cells and divide rapidly

Define “vas-”

Tube

Define “chondro-”

Cartilage

What is the word that means “the production of blood cells?”

Hemopoiesis/hematopoiesis

What two main things make up connective tissue?

Cells and the matrix

Name the types of cells found in connective tissue

Adipocytes, osteocytes, chondrocytes, fibroblasts

What cells make up nervous tissue?

Neurons (nerve cell) and neuroglia

Lumen

Hollow space in a cell

Molecule that makes bones hard

Hydroxyapatite (calcium + phosphate)

What is the matrix made up of?

Ground substance and fibers

Types of fibers

Elastic, collagen, reticular

Types of dense connective tissue

Dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic CT

What type of cell makes up dense CT?

Fibroblasts

Location of dense regular CT

Ligaments + tendons

Location of dense irregular CT

Dermis

What does collagen do?

Makes skin/bone strong

Functions of bone tissue

Support, protect, hemopoeisis, storage + production of bone marrow

Two types of bones

Compact bone and spongy bone

Where does hemopoeisis occur?

In spongy bone

Function of osteoblasts

Builds bone matrix

Function of osteoclasts

Resorbs bone matrix

Function of osteocytes

Maintain bone matrix

Function of osteogenic cells

Makes all bone cells

Molecule found in adipose tissue

Triglycerides

Functions of adipose tissue

Heat insulator, protective padding to joints + organs

Location of reticular CT

Spleen, liver

Types of muscle tissue

Smooth, skeletal, cardiac

What type of muscle is not striated?

Smooth muscle

Location of areolar CT

Between muscles

Types of cartilage tissue

Fibrocartilage, elastic, hyaline

Strongest and weakest type of cartilage

Fibrocartilage is the strongest, hyaline is the weakest

Location of fibrocartilage

Intervertebral discs

Location of elastic cartilage

Framework of outer ears

Location of hyaline cartilage

Between bones, respiratory passage, flexible part of nasal septum

What connective tissue has fibroblasts?

Areolar

Characteristics of cardiac muscle

Contains intercalated discs, striated, involuntary

Characteristics of smooth muscle

Moves food through GI track, lack striations, involuntary

Characteristics of skeletal muscle

Striated, voluntary, attached to bones

What does nervous tissue do?

Coordinates, regulates, and integrates body functions