Tags & Description
Health
state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
Exposure to risk factors
Genetic Vulnerability
Ability of the body to resist infections
model of health
40%
Factors influencing Health & Well-being:
Social and Economic Factors
30%
Factors influencing Health & Well-being:
Health Behaviors
10%
Factors influencing Health & Well-being:
Clinical Care
Physical Environment
Genes and Biology
Public health
Measures directed to group of people (not individuals) to promote, protect and preserve health
Analyzing the health of a population and the threats it faces
Public health:
basis for public health
education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention
Public health:
Science of protecting the safety and improving the health of communities through ___
group of people
Public health:
Aims toward a ___
Collective health
Public health:
focus; Not directed at the individual level
Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, 1920
Public health:
The science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health and efficiency through organized community
sanitation
Public health: Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
The ___ of the environment
communicable infections
Public health: Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
The control of ___
personal hygiene
Public health: Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
The education of the individual in ___
medical and nursing services
Public health: Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
The organization of ___ for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease
social machinery/structures
Public health: Charles-Edward Amory Winslow
The development of the ___ to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for maintenance of health So, organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to realize his birth right of health and longevity
clinicians
Public health Specialist & Clinician:
treat diseases and injuries of one patient at a time
treated individually
Public health
Public health Specialist & Clinician:
prevent disease and injury
treated collectively
communities and populations
Public health Specialist:
Public health researchers, practitioners and educators work with ___
causes of disease and disability
Public health Specialist:
identify the ___, and they implement large scale solutions.
microbiologists
Public health Specialist:
find a vaccine
behavioral scientists
Public health Specialist:
discourage populations from smoking
Environmental health scientists
Public health Specialist:
foods prevent cancer
health policy analysts
Public health Specialist:
evaluate health insurance programs and make recommendations
epidemiologists
Public health Specialist:
identify trends in health and illness
prevention
Public health Specialist:
approach is always geared towards ___
Public health
population based
collective responsibility for health, its protection and disease prevention
Recognizes the key role of the state, linked to a concern for the underlying socio-economic and wider determinants of health, as well as disease
Emphasis on partnerships with all those that contribute to the health of the population
state
primary agency responsible to ensure public health
Public health
Public health Approach:
Population focus
Public health ethic
Prevention or public health emphasis
Joint laboratory and field involvement
Clinical sciences peripheral to professional training
Public sector basis
Health Care
Public health Approach:
Individual patient focus
Personal service ethic
Diagnosis and treatment emphasis
Joint laboratory and patient involvement
Clinical sciences essential to professional training
Private sector basis
Epidemiology
Biostatistics
Biomedical Sciences
Social and behavioral Science
Environmental Science
Public Policy
Public health Approach: Components & Its Sciences
Public health is an interdisciplinary field
Define the health problem.
Identify the risk factors associated with the problem
Develop and test community-level intervention to control and prevent the cause of the problem.
Implement intervention to improve the health of the population.
Monitor those interventions to assess their effectiveness
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention
5-step process
Prevention
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention
main task is to develop intervention designed to prevent specific problems through an assessment process initiated by a public health agency or through community
Primary prevention
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention: 3 levels
prevents illness or injury from occurring at all.
Secondary prevention
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention: 3 levels
seeks to minimize the severity of the illness or the damage due to an injury-causing event once the event has occurred
Tertiary prevention
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention: 3 levels
seeks to minimize disability by providing medical care and rehabilitation
Intervention
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention:
an act performed for, with or on behalf of a person or population whose purpose is to assess, improve, maintain, promote or modify health, functioning or health conditions
common tool
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention: International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI)
Being developed to provide a ___ for reporting and analyzing health interventions for statistical purposes
common tool
International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI): Prevention & Intervention
Being developed to provide a ___for reporting and analyzing health interventions for statistical purposes
patient
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention:
In clinical care, the laboratory works with
field
Public health Approach: Prevention & Intervention:
In public health, the laboratory works in
Public Health and Terrorism
Many events globally disturbed the sense of complacency
Groups of individuals who not only wanted to cause harm to people at home but who has the resources and the will to succeed in that goal forced us to think about how to prevent similar events in the future
PH was concerned not only with coordinating emergency medical care, but also ensuring the safety of clean up workers
Natural disasters must be dealt with
Prevention of violent attacks
Role of Public Health in Terrorism:
primarily a responsibility of law enforcement
controlling the damage
Role of Public Health in Terrorism:
public health plays a big role in ___
secondary and tertiary prevention
Role of Public Health in Terrorism:
Primary prevention may be out of the domain of PH, but ___ are very much a part of public health’s mission.
well-designed plans
Role of Public Health in Terrorism:
Success at these services depend on having ___
Social Medicine
Community Health
Community Medicine
Preventive Medicine
Public Health consists of ___
The great 19th Century Sanitary Awakening
Rise of Public Health:
era of unplanned industrialization
The identification of filth as both a cause of disease and a vehicle of transmission and ensuing embrace of cleanliness
Rise of Public Health: 19th Century
central component of 19th century social reforms and advancement in public health.
Illness
Rise of Public Health: 19th Century
indicator of poor social environmental conditions as well as poor moral and spiritual conditions
Cleanliness
Rise of Public Health: 19th Century
embraced as a path both to physical and moral health
Disease control
Rise of Public Health: 19th Century
shifted from reacting to intermittent outbreaks to continuing measures for prevention
societal goal
Rise of Public Health: 19th Century
With sanitation, public health became a ___
public activity
Rise of Public Health: 19th Century
With sanitation, protecting health became a ___
Edwin Chadwick
Development of Public Activities in Health:
a London lawyer (1838), is one of the most recognized names in the sanitary reform movement
General Report on the Sanitary Conditions
Development of Public Activities in Health: Edwin Chadwick
a document of the appalling conditions in which masses of the working people were compelled to live, and die, in the industrial towns and rural areas of the UK
36 years
Development of Public Activities in Health: Edwin Chadwick
average age of death: gentry
22 years
Development of Public Activities in Health: Edwin Chadwick
average age of death: tradesmen
16 years
Development of Public Activities in Health: Edwin Chadwick
average age of death: laborers
Disease Control Phase
Changing Concept of Public Health:
1880-1920
Sanitary legislation and reforms
Less available technical knowledge
Aimed at the control of man’s physical environment (water supply sewage disposal) & not at the control of any specific disease
Improvement in the health of people due to disease and death and control
Health Promotion Phase
Changing Concept of Public Health:
1920-1960
In addition to disease control activities
It was initiated as personal health services
movement for human development
Introduction of mother & child health services
Industrial health services
Mental health services
Rehabilitation services
Changing Concept of Public Health: Health Promotion Phase
personal health services
Provision of basic health services
Changing Concept of Public Health: Health Promotion Phase
human development: media, of PHCs and sb-centers
Community development programme
Changing Concept of Public Health: Health Promotion Phase
human development: promote village development through active participation of the whole community.
Social Engineering Phase
Changing Concept of Public Health:
1960-1980
Golden Era of Public Health
Change in pattern of disease
It moved towards preventive and rehabilitative aspects of chronic disease and behavioral problems
Health for All Phase
Changing Concept of Public Health:
1981-2000 AD
Health gap between rich and poor, within & between countries
Provision of health care to all by reducing the inequalities within & between the population so that individuals will lead a socially and economically productive life.
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Changing Concept of Public Health: Health for All Phase
very lofty goals established by many countries including the UN
reach these by the year 2000
changed to SDGs
Modern Public Health
“the organized application of local, state, national, international resources to achieve health for all, i.e. attainment by all the people of the world by the year 2000 of a level of health that will permit them to lead a socially and economically productive life”
dramatic increase in average span of life
Modern Public Health:
credited to public health achievements such as vaccination programs, control of infectious diseases, better safety policy such as motor vehicle and worker safety, improved reproductive health, emphasis on safe drinking water
chronic diseases
Modern Public Health:
focus is shifting more towards
epidemic in scale
Shifting Focus of Public Health:
control of infectious diseases
endemicity of diseases
Shifting Focus of Public Health:
prevention
surveillance
Shifting Focus of Public Health:
continuous , systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice
Cholera
fatal intestinal disease
rampant during the early 1800’s in London
caused death to tens of thousands of people in the area
commonly thought to be caused by bad air from rotting organic matter
John Snow
traced the source of the cholera outbreak
father of modern epidemiology
Pioneer of spot maps and other epidemiological principles
The Broad Street Pump
John Snow, Cholera: Risk Factor Identification
people who had cholera would often take their water supply from a particular water pump
STOP EXPOSURE to the entire contaminated water supply in the area
Cholera was water contaminated with sewage
John Snow, Cholera:
Intervention Evaluation
Broad Street Pump to supply water was sealed forever
John Snow, Cholera:
Implementation
Greek and Roman civilisations sanitation measures and practices
History of Public Health:
500 B.C.E
Black Death
History of Public Health:
1346 – 1352
claimed one-third of Europe’s population
Yersinia pestis
History of Public Health: Black Death
thought to be an epidemic of bubonic plague, a bacterial disease caused by
weapon of war
History of Public Health: Black Death
used as a ___ during the siege of Kaffa
Inoculation brought to Britain by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu
History of Public Health:
Early 1700s
Earliest proponent of vaccination
if one is exposed to a weak form of a disease, one would be immune from it
get scabs from wounds of smallpox
History of Public Health: Inoculation
Montagu would ___ and inoculate herself and herself and her daughter
Vaccination by Edward Jenner
History of Public Health:
1798
inoculation of cowpox pustules
women who work as milkmaids seldom have smallpox
used cowpox as a vaccine against smallpox and tested it on a child
Latin word “vacca”
Edward Jenner:
word vaccination comes from cowpox
Chadwick: dirty conditions that the poorest members of the society were living in.
History of Public Health:
1830s
main cause of illness was ___
invest in infrastructures
Edwin Chadwick:
urged government to ___ related to sanitary conditions
Public Health Act of 1848
History of Public Health:
1848
development of the first vaccine in the Philippines
Public Health Act of 1848:
blood of the last child was used for
carabaos
Public Health Act of 1848: Philippine vaccines
used to produce vaccines
John Snow
History of Public Health:
1854
innovated several key epidemiologic methods that remain valid and in use today
mapped the disease pattern of the cholera epidemic in London
William Farr: quantitative study of morbidity and mortality
History of Public Health:
1807 – 1883
establish the field of medical statistics
census
William Farr:
pioneer the use of ___
Louis Pasteur: discovery of artificial immunity
History of Public Health:
1870s
rabies, anthrax, cholera
pasteurization
Louis Pasteur:
sanitary conditions of milk
Compiler of Abstracts at the General Register Office of England and Wales
Notable Events in Public Health: William Farr
registered births, marriages, and deaths
Robert Koch
Notable Events in Public Health:
verified that the human disease was caused by a specific living disease
first to determine that certain diseases are caused by microorganism infection
Bacillus anthracis
Notable Events in Public Health: Robert Koch
cause of anthrax
Vibrio cholerae
Notable Events in Public Health: Robert Koch
cause of cholera