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Outside France, writers and reformers in Europe and the USA hailed?
They hailed the French Revolution for the principles underlying it.
True or false: While some outsiders were in favor of the French Revolution, others opposed it.
True: While some outsiders were in favor of the French Revolution, others opposed it.
What did Edmund Burke argue in "Reflections of the Revolution in France"?
He argued that France moved too quickly in the name of abstract notions of natural rights and justice. As a result, revolutionaries replaced a despotic monarchy with anarchy.
In Burke's view, societies should?
In his view, societies should evolve slowly, drawing reforms from the long historical experience of a national culture. Good government came from good habits, and reforms worked well when based on a nation's best traditions.
Most governments opposed the Revolution when?
They opposed the Revolution when they realized the threat it posed to their own security. If a revolution could rise in France, end aristocratic privileges, and undermine the monarchy, the same might happen elsewhere.
How did governments oppose the Revolution?
They opposed the Revolution by welcoming and listening to aristocratic émigrés who fled France. They also suppressed pro-revolutionary groups within their borders and joined coalitions to fight against the revolutionary armies.
The new government, launched with such optimism in October 1791, lasted for how long?
The new government lasted less than a year.
Up to that point, who had been the primary beneficiaries of the Revolution?
Up to that point, the bourgeoisie and the peasants had been the primary beneficiaries of the Revolution. The bourgeoisie had gained political control over the country and social mobility, and the peasantry had won freedom from feudal obligations and even gained ownership of their land.
True or false: Other groups besides the peasantry and the bourgeoisie remained dissatisfied by the French Revolution.
True: Other groups besides the peasantry and the bourgeoisie remained dissatisfied by the French Revolution.
Why was the royal family and much of the aristocracy/high clergy dissatisfied by the French Revolution?
They were dissatisfied by the French Revolution because they yearned for the restoration of their traditional positions.
Why were Parisians (the urban poor, NOT peasants) dissatisfied by the French Revolution?
They were dissatisfied by the French Revolution because they had won little beyond theoretical rights and legal equality. Those who owned no property (unlike the peasantry and bourgeoisie) could still not vote, yet they supplied much of the physical force and anger that had saved the third estate and made the reforms possible.
What did the Parisians (urban poor) do as a result of their dissatisfaction with the French Revolution?
They formed organizations, held meetings, and intently discussed the numerous pamphlets, petitions, and newspapers printed daily in Paris.
True or false: Some of the clubs formed by the dissatisfied urban poor became egalitarian meeting places for women and men while others, such as the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, insisted that women should participate more fully in the Revolution.
True: Some of the clubs formed by the dissatisfied urban poor became egalitarian meeting places for women and men while others, such as the Society of Revolutionary Republican Women, insisted that women should participate more fully in the Revolution.
Many of the most politically active clubs formed by the dissatisfied urban poor came to be known as?
They came to be known as the sans-culottes because they wore long pants instead of the fashionable knee breeches of the elites.
Typically, what did sans-culottes do?
Typically, they carried pikes and addressed people as "Citoyen" (citizen) or "Citoyenne" (female citizen).
Eventually, sans-culottes and their supporters gained?
Eventually, they gained control over the municipal government of Paris (known as the Commune).
Leaders of the dissatisfied urban poor fell into the hands of?
It fell into the hands of the radical members of the bourgeoisie, who allied themselves with the sans-culottes and favored overthrow of the monarchy and extension of the revolution.
The Jacobin Club became the most important of?
It became the most important of the political organizations formed by the radical members of the bourgeoisie to debate and plan political matters pertaining to the revolution.
Events, particularly the rumors of war that had begun circulating throughout France, soon played into?
They soon played into the hands of the Parisian radicals.
The monarchs of Austria and Prussia, fearing the spread of revolutionary ideas to their own lands and urged on by French émigrés, began to make what?
They began to make threatening moves and to issue meddlesome warnings to the French revolutionaries.
True or false: In France, many groups welcomed the prospect of war.
True: In France, many groups welcomed the prospect of war.
Why did the royal family and its supporters welcome the prospect of war?
They welcomed the prospect of war because they believed that a French victory would enhance the prestige and power of the throne; even a French defeat could help by restoring the Old Regime and a royal power.
Why did radicals welcome the prospect of war?
They welcomed the prospect of war because they wanted to turn France into a republic and believed that war would expose the inefficiency and disloyalty of the king. This, subsequently, would topple the monarchy.
What hampered France's war effort at first?
At first, inflation, food shortages, and breakdowns of order hampered France's war effort. The French armies suffered from lack of experienced leadership; nearly all the high-ranking officers were members of the nobility and had either fled or been deposed.
True or false: As a result of France's disadvantages in war, the Austrian and Prussian armies badly defeated the French and advanced toward Paris.
True: As a result of France's disadvantages in war, the Austrian and Prussian armies badly defeated the French and advanced toward Paris.
When the Prussian commander, the Duke of Brunswick, announced that he would deliver the royal family "from their captivity", French radicals rightly accused Louis and Marie Antoinette of?
They rightly accused Louis and Marie Antoinette of being in treasonable connection with the enemy (Austria and Prussia).
On August 10, 1792, local leaders in Paris organized what?
They organized a huge Parisian crowd of men and women, who then attacked the king's palace.
Where did the royal family flee to when the king's palace was attacked on August 10, 1792?
They fled for their lives to the Legislative Assembly, who then suspended and imprisoned Louis.
After imprisoning Louis, what did the Legislative Assembly do?
After imprisoning Louis, the Legislative Assembly (under pressure from the people of Paris) called elections - this time with almost all men enjoying the right to vote - for a National Convention to draw up a new, more radical constitution.
One of the Jacobin leaders, Danton, used his great skills as an orator and an organizer to?
He used his great skills to gather recruits for the army and rush them to the front.
As the recruits that Danton organized prepared to leave Paris to meet the invading Prussians, what spread?
Rumors that reactionary clergy and nobles planned to murder the people's wives and children (spurred by the propaganda of radical journalists like Marat) spread.
What happened as a result of the rumors that spread about the reactionary clergy and nobles planning to murder the people's wives and children?
As a result, frightened and enraged people began murdering members of the nonjuring clergy (who would not swear allegiance to the new order) and nobles being held in the prisons of Paris. These became known as the September Massacres.
In the elections for the National Convention, who won a sweeping victory?
Republicans, favoring elimination of the monarchy altogether and the creation of a French republic, won a sweeping victory.
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