AP European History Midterms

Catholic-Counter Reformation

the period of Catholic resurgence initiated in response to the Protestant Reformation

Characteristics of Renaissance Art

individualism, classicism, nature, anatomy, realism, depth, linear perspective

Christian Humanism

the belief that human freedom, individual conscience, and unencumbered rational inquiry are compatible with the practice of Christianity or even intrinsic in its doctrine.

Christine de Pisan

Italian-born writer, wrote important works focusing on the role women played in society

Civic Humanism

a political culture & philosophy

belief that it was an intellectual's civic duty to be involved in politics & help the community

Italian Humanism

defining movement of the Renaissance- system of learning that produced a cultural renewal on Europe through the study & adoption of ancient Greco-Roman culture

Jacob Burckhardt

Swiss historian who studied art and culture & an influential figure in the histography of both fields- love of freedom

Machiavelli

Italian diplomat, politician, historian, philosopher, humanist, and writer of the Renaissance period.

• The Prince

Raphael

Italian Renaissance painter & architect of Renaissance- neoplatonic

• School of Athens

Renaissance artistic principles

perspective, realism, humanity

Women's status in the Renaissance

controlled by parents on who to marry

• legally owned by husbands

Council of Trent

Council called by Pope Paul III to reform the Church & secured reconciliation w/ the Protestants

Dutch Republic

7 Northern Dutch Provinces signed Union of Utrecht, creating defensive alliance against Spanish, but they were politically independent w/ no absolute ruler; Dutch Republic was oligarchy, w/ power concentrated in the hands of wealthy merchants; experienced a Golden Age

Edict of Nantes

Signed by Henry IV, agreement to tolerate Protestants & end French Wars of Religion

Gave Calvinists many rights they did not have before

French Wars of Religion

prolonged period of war & popular unrest between Catholics & Huguenots in the Kingdom of France between 1562 & 1598

Henry VIII

King of England known for his 6 marriages, including his efforts to have his 1st marriage annulled; Parliament declared him supreme head of the Church of England

Holy Roman Empire

A loose federation of mostly German states and principalities, headed by an emperor elected by the princes

Huguenots

French Calvinists; prosecuted & killed such as during the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre; earned their right to have liberty of conscience & liberty of worship by the Edict of Nantes

Jesuits

religious order that became the chief instrument of the Catholic Reformation (Society of Jesus)

John Calvin

French theologian & founder of Calvinism; believed in Predestination

Martin Luther

a German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Church; wrote 95 Theses, or statements to reform the church and their practices; criticized the sale of indulgences

Peasant Revolt

Bands of angry peasants went about the country side raiding monasteries, pillaging, & burning, feeling that they could defy all injustices & still go to heaven w/ Luther's teachings. Princes' armies w/ Luther's support crushed these revolts in Germany & over 100,000 were killed. Bc of this, Luther began to question his efforts. Greatest German peasant rebellion ever

Philip II of Spain

The son of Charles V who later became husband to Mary I and king of Spain and Portugal. He supported the Counter Reformation and sent the Spanish Armada to invade England (1527-1598) He was a intolerant, Catholic king.

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches.

Roman Inquisition

A religious committee of six Roman cardinals that tried heretics and punished the guilty by imprisonment and execution; employed torture; helped stop the spread of Protestantism in Spain & Italy

Spanish Inquisition

More severe than Roman Inquisition; officially began w/ Pope Gregory XI; tribunal court system used by both the Catholic Church and Catholic monarchs to root out, suppress, & punishments

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

Mass slaying of Huguenots (Calvinists) in Paris, on Saint Bartholomew's Day, 1572; targeted group of assassinations, followed by a wave of Roman Catholic mob violence, both directed against the Huguenots

Thirty Years' War

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia; European continental war that begun as a local religious conflict but became more continental & political w/ each expanding phase of the war

Witch Hunts

Hysteria over witchcraft affected the lives of many Europeans in the 16th & 17th centuries

Atlantic Trade

3 way trade between Europe America/West Indies and Africa; revolved around slavery(slavery, cash crops, goods for slave societies); involved transportation of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas; regularly used the triangular trade route & its middle passage

Bartolome de Las Casas

Spanish priest who travelled to the New World w/ conquistadors & was sent back to Spain w/ reports of brutalities against native; one of the most outspoken critics of Spanish brutality against indigenous people; helped Convince Charles V to abolish the worst abuses of the encomienda system

English Exploration

John Cabot was an Italian navigator/ explorer; His voyage to Newfoundland (eastern province of Canada) was commissioned by Henry VIII of England, & was instrumental in the development of the Atlantic trade between England and the Americas; England came to exploration relatively late; Jamestown (1607) was 1st permanent settlement in North America

French Exploration

Jacques Cartier was the 1st European to navigate the St. Lawrence River, & his exploration of the River + Atlantic coast of Canada laid the basis for later French claims to North America; France was in search for the Northwest Passage, a water route from the Atlantic to the Pacific through Canada & along the northern coast of Alaska; Founded Quebec in 1608, a city on the St. Lawrence River, where inhabitants today speak French

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

France vs. Hapsburgs. France tried keeping GERMANY DIVIDED. Led to slow unification of German states

• Ended by Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis

• Spain gained Sicily, Naples, and Milan from France, and left much influence on Papal states and Tuscany

Mercantilism

an economic system to increase a nation's wealth by government regulation of all of the nation's commercial interests; designed to maximize the exports and minimize the imports for an economy

Population Trends 1600-1700

population rose= rise in demand of goods; peasant farmers benefitted when their surplus yields could be turned into cash crops

Portuguese Exploration

Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer and the 1st European to reach India by seal His initial voyage to India by way Cape of Good Hope was 1st kink Europe and Asia by ocean route; Da Gama set up trading posts in Goa & Calcutta (India); Alphonso Albuquerque laid the foundation for Portuguese imperialism; established strategy of making coastal regions a bade to control the Indian ocean; didn't try to penetrate inland; spice islands; Albuquerque became Governor of India

Price Revolution

period of high inflation caused by the expanding market economy as a result of commercializing agriculture as well as influx of gold and silver from new world

Spanish Conquest of the New World

Between 1492 & 1892, the Spanish Empire expanded across most of central America, the Caribbean, Mexico, & much of North America; In it's conquest of the New World, Spanish subdued & defeated the Inca Civilization of Peru, the Aztecs of central America, & the Maya Civilization of the Yucatan

Atlantic Trade Rivalries

Portugal lacked numbers & wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean; Spain consolidated its holdings in the Philippines; first English expedition to the Indies in 1591; Dutch arrive in India in 1595; Dutch East India Company was the biggest player in the spice industry, took over trade routes & rivaled Spain

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, & Ireland. His power struggles w/ Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason & beheaded in 1649

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

English Civil War

Charles I tried to arrest several Puritans, including John Pym; A crowd of 4,000 came to Parliament's defense; Irish Rebellion; In 1642, Charles declared war against his opponents in Parliament- his army (Cavaliers/ Royalists) came from nobility, rural country gentry & mercenaries; Oliver Cromwell- English general & Statesman who led Parliamentary army (Roundheads) against Charles I; he was eventually beheaded; Cromwell became dictator of England

Jean Baptiste Colbert

economic advisor to Louis XIV; wanted economic self-sufficiency for France; constructed roads and canals; cracked down on Guilds; reduced internal tariffs that prohibited trade; organized French trading companies for international trade; developed the merchant marine; mercantilism reached its height under his direction

Jean Bodin

French writer & political theorist who believed that only absolutism could provide order & force people to obey the gut

Louis XIV

(The Sun King) Quintessential absolute ruler; "L'etat c'est moi"- I am the state; strong believer in divine right; longest reign in European history; France became the undisputed major power in Europe; Moved court outside Paris to Versailles to control nobility; engaged in numerous expensive wars; Fronde made him the person he became; regent was Cardinal Mazarin

Old Believers

Russians who refused to accept the ecclesiastical reforms of Alexis Romanov (17th century); many exiled to Siberia or Southern Russia

Peter the Great (Russia)

Became Czar in 1689; Made Russia a military & naval power using European technology; Defeated Swedes in Poltava & took their Baltic territories; Enforced economics, educational, administrative, military, & social reform; created Table of Ranks

Petition of RIght

Parliament attempted to encourage the King to grant basic legal rights in return for granting tax increases

• Provisions included: Only parliament can levy taxes, gifts, loans, or contributions, Nobody imprisoned or detained without due process of law, right to habeus corpus, no forced quartering of soldiers in private homes, and martial law could not be declared in peacetime

Thomas Hobbes

Wrote Leviathan (1651); Pessimistic view of human beings in a state of nature; closely identified w/ Voltaire's Enlightened despotism; didn't favor divine right of kings; believed in a social contract where the people gave consent to be ruled over & lose some rights for production

Adam Smith

Wrote Inquiry into the Nature & Courses of the Wealth of Nations; essentially the Bible of capitalism; condemned mercantilist use of protective tariffs- Free Trade supporter; believed labor is the true wealth of a nation; refined & expanded the laissez-faire philosophy of the Physiocrats; believed economy is governed by natural laws of supply & demand (In a free- market economy, competition will encourage producers to manufacture most efficiently in order to sell higher quality, lower cost goods than competitors)

Francis Bacon

formalized the empirical method of Brahe & Galileo; Inductive method for, scientific experimentation, coupled w/ Descartes' deductive reason, formed backbone of modern scientific method

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

Believed that man in a simpler state of nature was good (Noble Savage) & was corrupted by the materialism of civilization; Wrote Emilie (1762); Social Contract said the governed chose to be governed; Believed in progressive education, but didn't support social or educational equality for woman; left his illegitimate children in an orphanage instead of educating them

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Civil Gvt.; believed humans were good but lacked protection; Gvt. provide rule of law, but only through the consent of the governed; believed the purpose of the govt. is to protect the natural rights of people- life, liberty, & property; people have right to rebellion if govt. doesn't protect these rights; tabula rasa- blank slate; Essay Concerning Human Understanding

Mary Wollstonecraft

wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women; pointed out 2 contradictions in the views of women found in the Enlightenment: to argue that women must obey men was like upholding the arbitrary power of monarchs or slave owners- the enlightenment argued that reason was innate to all human being; promoted political & educational equality for all women

Montesquieu

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers; Wrote the Spirit of Laws; checks & balances; favored British govt.; impacted creation of U.S. Constitution & French Revolution

Natural law of Economics

• metaphor for unseen forces that move free- market economy- through individual self-interest & freedom of production & consumption, the best interest as a society, as a whole, is met (Competition) & lack of govt. regulation benefit society

• invisible hand

• Supply and Demand

Natural Rights

• Freedom to life, liberty, and pursuit of propert

• John Locke

Rene Descartes- deductive reasoning

wrote Discourse on Method, which advocated the use of deductive reasoning; "Cogito ergo sum"- I think, therefore I am; Cartesian dualism- divided all existence into spiritual & material; Father of rationalism

scientifc method

Inductive reasoning (Bacon) + deductive reasoning (Descartes)

Subsistence Agriculture

agriculture that is self-sufficiency farming in which farmers focus on growing enough food to feed themselves & their families; the output includes little to no surplus for trade