APUSH CHAPTER 26 VOCAB

Rachel Carson; Silent Spring

Rachel Carson's research into the disastrous environmental impact of DDT and other chemicals was published as a book, Silent Spring, in 1962, The book and her subsequent efforts have been credited as part of the beginning of the modern environmental movement.

Betty Friedan; The Feminine Mystique

An American feminist, activist and writer, best known for starting what is commonly known as the "Second Wave" of feminism through the writing of a book.

Students for a Democratic Society; Port Huron Statement

A student organization, founded in 1960, to give voice to a new wave of student protest.

Mario Savio; Free Speech Movement

The Free Speech Movement was a massive, long-lasting student protest which took place during the 1964-65 academic year on the campus of the University of California, Berkeley, The Movement was informally under the central leadership of Berkeley graduate student Mario Savio.

JFK (charisma)

35th President of the United States, didn't believe in segregation; president during the Cuban Missile Crisis president from 1961 - 1963.

"New Frontier"

The name given to the domestic programs of the Kennedy organization.

Equal Pay Act

1963 law that required both men and women to receive equal pay for equal work.

Engel v. Vitale

U.S. Supreme Court decision that banned mandated prayers or devotional bible reading in American public schools.

Bay of Pigs

A 1961 invasion of Cuba by anti-Castro rebels backed by the Kennedy administration that was quickly defeated, much to Kennedy's embarrassment.

Berlin Wall

A substantive partition built by East Germany on instructions from the Soviet Union that cut off all travel between East and West Berlin from 1961 to 1989.

Cuban Missile Crisis

A tense standoff between the U.S. and the Soviet Union in October 1962 during which each country stood on the brink of nuclear war over the placement of Soviet missiles in Cuba.

Flexible response

A policy, developed during the Kennedy administration, that involved preparing for a variety of military responses to international crises rather than focusing on the use of nuclear weapons.

Operation Mongoose

A CIA operation backed by President Kennedy in 1961 that used covert operation against President Fidel Castro's government in Cuba in efforts to overthrow the communist government in Cuba.

Peace Corps

A program launched by the Kennedy administration to recruit young idealistic Americans to spend two years abroad as volunteers working on education and development projects.

JFK Assassination; Warren Commission

The President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established by President Lyndon B. Johnson through Executive Order 11130 on November 29, 1963, to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy that had taken place on November 22, 1963.

Lyndon B. Johnson

signed the civil rights act of 1964 into law and the voting rights act of 1965. he had a war on poverty in his agenda, in an attempt to win, he set a few goals, including the great society, the economic opportunity act, and other programs that provided food stamps and welfare to needy families. he also created a department of housing and urban development. his most important legislation was probably medicare and medicaid.

Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

Federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing.

Great Society

The name Lyndon Johnson gave to his far-reaching domestic program, which included federal aid to education, Medicare and Medicaid health insurance, immigration reform, and before long, the Voting Rights Act.

Barry Goldwater

An American senator for Arizona who ran against Johnson for president. His extreme conservatism scared many into voting for Johnson, 1964.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

1964; banned discrimination in public accommodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program, outlawed discrimination in most employment; enlarged federal powers to protect voting rights and to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

1965; invalidated the use of any test or device to deny the vote and authorized federal examiners to register voters in states that had disenfranchised blacks; as more blacks became politically active and elected black representatives, it brought jobs, contracts, and facilities and services for the black community, encouraging greater social equality and decreasing the wealth and education gap.

Ngo Dinh Diem

Forced conversion to Christianity, had secret police to kill political rivals, south Vietnam didn't like him, but he was Capitalist so the U.S. tolerated him. Kennedy allowed for the assassination of Diem.

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Legislation passed by Congress in 1964 that allowed the United States to use force to protect U.S. interests in Vietnam.

Draft

A system of required military service.

Anti-war protests

concentrated on college campuses, hand-in-hand with New Left.

Tet Offensive

A significant North Vietnamese assault on American bases across Vietnam.

Eugene McCarthy

1968 Democratic candidate for President who ran to succeed incumbent Lyndon Baines Johnson on an anti-war platform.

Robert Kennedy

He was a Democrat who ran for president in 1968 promoting civil rights and other equality based ideals. He was ultimately assassinated in 1968, leaving Nixon to take the presidency but instilling hope in many Americans.

MLK Assassination; riots

• he had been killed during a strike

• with his death also came the death of the nonviolence movement

• riots erupted all over America and many were killed and arrested

• led to the black panther party for self defense.

Black Panther Party for Self-Defense

Borrowing from Marxist-Leninism and anti-colonial liberation ideology, Oakland college students Huey Newton and Bobby Seale organized this militant black organization in the fall of 1966 to strengthen community and push back against racist police violence.

Democratic National Convention in Chicago; "police riot"

During the evening of August 28, 1968, with the police riot occurring on Michigan Avenue in front of the Democratic party's convention headquarters, the Conrad Hilton hotel, television networks broadcast live as the anti-war protesters began the now-iconic chant "The whole world is watching".

Richard Nixon

1968 and 1972; Republican; Vietnam

Election of 1968

At the end of a difficult year, the presidential election of 1968 was held, Republican candidate Richard Nixon appealed to a nation tired of violence and unrest as the "law and order" candidate, Nixon vowed he would end the Vietnam War and win "peace with honor" Democratic nominee, Hubert Humphrey, Johnson's vice president, seemed a continuation of the old politics. In the end, Richard Nixon won.