FLASHCARDS FOR CHAPTER 2 AND 3 TEST 11/9

polar

Water is a good solvent due to its _________ nature

uneven

water is a polar molecule, which means it has an _______ distribution of charge

V

water is shaped like a "_"

oxygen

which has a slight - charge, oxygen or hydrogen

hydrogen

which has a slight + charge, oxygen or hydrogen

cohesion

what is the bonding together of like molecules to hold a substance together?

adhesion

when water was sticking to the penny - water bonds to other molecules

capillary action

occurs when the adhesion of the wall of plants/capillary tube is stronger than the cohesive forces of water (both are required)

capillary

why roots of plants work how they do can be described by __________ action

surface tension

a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid

high

water has a _____ surface tension due to hydrogen bonding

specific heat

the amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree C

tension water

surface ________ allows organisms to live on _______

water

specific heat is important to humans during the winter in nebraska because... people are mostly made of _______ so you won't freeze because water has a high specific heat capacity

heat of vaporization

the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid to the gaseous state

evaporation cooling

as liquid evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains cools down (this is also why sweating cools the body)

less

solid water is _____ dense than liquid water

4

water is most dense at _ degrees C (at the bottom of every lake, no matter the time of year) (you have to know this!!!)

lake turnover

water being densest at 4 degrees C causes ______ ____________

nutrient

lake turnover causes n_________ movement

good

water is a universal solvent but don't call it that, call it a ______ solvent

polar

like dissolves like, it dissolves other polar things, this is due to its _______ nature

solution

a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of two or more substances

solvent

dissolving agent

solute

substance (stuff) being dissolved

solvent solute

water mixed with koolaid, water is the ______, koolaid is the _____

hydrogen ion

we call H+ a

hydroxide ion

we call OH- a

acid

a substance that increases the H+ (hydrogen ion) concentration of a solution

base/alkaline

a substance that reduces the H+ (hydrogen ion) concentration

14

on the pH scale, the numbers always add to ___

10^-13

if H+ = 10^-1, then OH- = what?

10

on the pH scale, 1 is __ times more acidic than 2

buffer

a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in a solution

pH

buffers prevent large changes in what?

carbonic

_________ acid is a good buffer

hydrophobic

molecule that does not have an affinity for water... non polar, oil as an example

hydrophilic

molecule that does have an affinity for water... polar

transparent

how the properties of water are significant to living organisms... water is t_________ which allows aquatic plants and phytoplankton to photosynthesize

polar covalent

(talking about one water molecule here): hydrogen and oxygen atoms are held together by __________ bonds

polar

a water molecule is ________ because electrons are not shared equally

dissolve good solvent

because of its polarity, water can __________ most substances, and because of this it is referred to as a ______ __________

vaporization

when water changes from a liquid to a gas

condensation

when water changes from a gas to a liquid

increases

as CO2 increases, temperature __________

greenhouse effect

CO2 in the atmosphere is necessary because it helps create the g____________ e_______ which makes earth habitable

okay

look at your question of the day from week 11 monday (draw an atom that's not an isotope) because it is a quiz question!

cafe naps

what acronym can you use to remember the trace elements?

sulfur

which trace element is part of SOME amino acids (which make up proteins) and allows bonds to form within the amino acids, which influence the protein's shape

sodium

which trace element is found in SOME amino acids AND is necessary for nerve impulses

iron

which trace element is the oxygen binding component of blood?

calcium

which trace element is a component of bones and teeth, as well as is important for synaptic transmission?

phosphorus

which trace element is a component of ATP, DNA, RNA, and the plasma membrane

matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

element

a substance that CANNOT be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

synaptic transmission

calcium also helps with _________ __________, which gets the 'message' from one neuron to the next

compound

what is a substance consisting of two or more DIFFERENT elements combined into a fixed ratio

molecule

O2 (imagine the 2 is small and on the bottom) is an example of this, multiple of the same element

CHON

what acronym can you use to remember essential elements?

carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen

name the essential elements in order of CHON

essential

__________ elements are elements that are essential to life and found in the basic structure of all biochemical molecules

trace

______ elements are elements required by an organism in only minute (small) qualities

96

CHON makes up __% of living matter

atom

the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element

proton

positively charged

neutron

neutral charge

electron

negative charge

atomic

________ number is the number of protons in an element

mass

______ number is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucelus of an atom

neither

which has more electrons... carbon 12 or carbon 14

isotopes

different atomic forms of a given element - the different amount of neutrons affect the element's mass, therefore creating this

8

the second energy level can hold _ electrons

2

the first energy level can hold _ electrons

electrons

high energy sub atomic particles are...

right

the intert elements are on the _____ of the periodic table

shell

valence ______ is the outermost electron shell

electrons

valence _______ are the outer electrons in the valence shell

valency

the measure of a given element's bonding capacity with other atoms when it forms compounds/molecules (there are many ways to say this, the answer is the one ending in y for this)

periods

in the periodic table, the rows are called ______

groups

in the periodic table, the columns are called _______

inert

what's another word for nonreactive? fargo will not tell you what it means on the tests/quizzes!

chemical bonds

________ ______: these are formed when valence electrons from different atoms interact with each other forming molecules

electronegativity

the attraction of a particular kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond

electronegativity

more electrons = more ______________

covalent ionic strong

c______ and i______ bonds are examples of s______ chemical bonds

covalent

_______ bond: a bond consisting of pairs of shared electrons, polar or nonpolar. this is elements from the same side of the table (i think?)

polar

______ covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the electrons are NOT shared equally

polar

H2O is an example of a ______ covalent bond

nonpolar

O2 is an example of a __________ covalent bond

double

__________ covalent bond is a bond in which 2 pairs (OR 4 electrons) are shared

nonpolar

_________ covalent bond: a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally

anion

ion with a negative charge

cation

ion with a positive charge

okay

remember cations because cats have paws and are pawsitive!