Chapter 11 - Properties of Solutions

Raoult's law

________ states that the vapor pressure of a solution is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present.

Molarity

________ is independent of temperature because it depends only on mass.

Henry's law

________ holds only when there is no chemical reaction between the solute and solvent.

pure solvent

As the ________ emits vapor to attempt to reach equilibrium, the aqueous sulfuric acid solution absorbs vapor to try to lower the vapor pressure toward its equilibrium value.

nonvolatile solute

A(n) ________ has no tendency to escape from solution into the vapor phase.

electrolyte

It can be coagulated (destroyed) by heating or adding a(n) ________.

solvent

The ________ is the dissolving medium.

solubility of various vitamins

The ________ is important in determining correct dosages.

boiler scale

The ________ reduces the efficiency of heat transfer and can lead to blockage of pipes 11.4 The Vapor Pressures of Solutions.

osmosis

In ________, a semipermeable membrane prevents the transfer of all solute particles.

heat of hydration

The ________ represents the enthalpy change associated with the dispersal of a gaseous solute in water.

normal boiling point

The ________ of a liquid occurs at the temperature where the vapor pressure is equal to 1 atmosphere.

liquid present

When liquids are mixed, the ________ in the largest amount is called the solvent.

Vant Hoff factor I

The ________ represents the number of ions produced by each formula unit of solute 11.8 Colloids.

liquid return

The presence of the solute lowers the rate at which molecules in the ________ to the solid- state.

Vitamins

________ can be divided into two classes: fat- soluble and water- soluble.

reduction reactions

For oxidation- ________, the equivalent is defined as the quantity of oxidizing or reducing agents that can accept or furnish 1 mole of electrons 11.2 The Energies of Solution Formation.

insolubility of barium sulfate

The ________ means it can be used safely to improve X rays of the gastrointestinal tract.

Ion

________ pairing occurs to some extent in all electrolyte solutions.

equivalent depends

The definition of a(n) ________ on the reaction taking place in the solution.

pure solvent

If a solution in contact with ________ across a semipermeable membrane is subjected to an external pressure larger than its osmotic pressure, reverse osmosis occurs.

Henrys law

________ states that the amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution.

nonvolatile solute

The dissolved ________ decreases the number of solvent molecules per unit volume and it should proportionately lower the escaping tendency of the solvent molecules.

Osmosis

________ can be prevented by applying pressure to the solution.

molarity

Since ________ depends on the volume of the solution, it changes slightly with temperature.

pure solvent

The pressure of vapor necessary to achieve equilibrium with the ________ is greater than that required to reach equilibrium with the aqueous acid solution.

Henrys law

The relationship between gas pressure and the concentration of dissolved gas is given by ________: C= kP.

pure solvent

A solution and ________ are separated by a semipermeable membrane, which allows solvent but not solute molecules to pass through.

Molarity

________= Moles of solute /liters of solution.