Two types of location
absolute & relative
absolute location
specific place, uses grids, longitude & latitude
relative location
directional words & using distance
2 characteristics for place
physical & human
5 themes of geograpghy
(H.L.M.P.R) location, place, human environment interaction, movement, & regions
PLACE: physical characteristics
land features, mountains, plains, climate, & bodies of water
PLACE: human characteristics
building, agriculture, cultural landscape, & "how humans change the land"
region
an area of Earth defined by one or more distinctive characteristic
3 types of regions
formal, functional, & vernacular
formal region
(uniform) an area w/in which everyone shares in common one or more distinctive characteristic, & drawn w/ borders (ex. Canada, rice-growing areas)
functional region
(nodal) an area organized around a focal point
vernacular region
(perceptual) an area that ppl believe exists as part of their cultural identity ex. the hood
human environment interaction
adapt, modify, & depend on enviroment
movement
ideas, fads, goods, & resources
4 Traditions of Geography
(H.P.R.S) spatial, regional, human/environmental, & physical geography
spatial tradition
mapping, boundaries, spatial analysis, geo. info systems, & spatial patterns
regional tradition
-description of regions
human/environmental tradition
-human impact on nature
physical geography tradition
-lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, & biosphere
cultural landscape
a combination of cultural features (ex. language & religion; economic features: agriculture & industry; physical feature: climate & vegetation)
site
the physical character of a place (ex. climate, water source, topography, soil, vegetation, longitude & latitude)
situation
the location of a place relative to other places (finding an unfamiliar place & understanding its importance)
non-material culture
to care about or to adore or worship something as in the modern world culture values custom ideas
material culture
to take care of or to nurse or look after something as in the modern world cultivate earning, money clothing, & shelter
hearth
a place from which an innovation originates
syncretism
an union or attempted fusion of different religions, cultures, or philosophies (ex. Halloween)
density
the frequency of "something" in a given UNIT AREA (ex. ppl per unit)
3 types of densities
arithmetic (crude), physiological, & agricultural
arithmetical (crude) density
physiological density
agricultural density
diffusion
the process by which a characteristic spreads across space from one place to another over time
relocation diffusion
spread of an idea through physical movement of a GROUP ppl from one place to another
expansion diffusion
spread the feature from one place to another in an additive process (idea or innovation spreads outward from the hearth)
hierarchical diffusion
spread of an idea from persons or nodes of authority or power to other persons or places (cities to cities, small pop. to bigger pop.)
contagious diffusion
rapid, widespread diffusion of a characteristic throughout the population (picks up on the trend and idea around the same time)
stimulus diffusion
spread of an underlying principle even though a characteristic itself apparently fails to diffuse; create change to original (ex. Apple phones)
distribution
the ARRANGEMENT of a FEATURE in space/Earth's surface
concentration
the spread of something over a given unit area (clustered, dispersed)
pattern
the geometric or regular arrangement of something
environmental determinism
the belief that the physical environment causes social development
possibilism
the environment presents challenges, that may set limits on human actions, but ABILITY TO ADJUST & choose a course of action
map scale
the relationship of a feature's size on a map to it's actual size on a map to it's actual size on Earth
projection
the scientific method of transferring locations on Earth's surface to a flat map
4 types of distortion
(D.D.R.S) shape, distance, relative size, & direction
*Mercator
Straight meridians and parallels that intersect at right angles. (Used for navigation & not accurate)
*Robinson
pro: display info across oceans
*Goode Homolosine
Tears, or interruptions, minimize specific distortions. They are placed to group related parts of the map together.
thematic maps
A map designed to convey information about a single topic or theme, such as population density or geology.
*cartogram maps
(similar to thematic) travel time, population, or Gross National Product - is substituted for land area or distance
dot maps
a thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable
choropleth maps
a thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones
isoline maps
a thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value
mental map
Image of picture of the way space is organized as determined by an individual's perception, impression, and knowledge of that space.
distance decay
trailing-off phenomenon of diminishing (losing) contact with the increase in distance
localization
opposite force that resists globalization
globalization
a force/process that INVOLVES the ENTIRE WORLD & results in making something WORLDWIDE in scope
sustainability
the use of Earth's RENEWABLE & NONRENEWABLE natural resources in ways that ensure resource AVAILABLE in the future
three pillars of sustainability
Environment, Economy, & Society Pillar
Environment Pillar
sustainable DEVELOPMENTS can only exist if conservation is embraced more fully than wasting resources or preservation of all resources
Economy Pillar
efforts to SET PRICES of commodities and goods based not only on supply and demand but also on COSTS to the environment
Society Pillar
modifying the WANTS of cultures in regards to shelter, food, and clothing to objects that are sustainable
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
A computer hardware and software system that handles geographically referenced data.
Spatial Interaction
The farther away someone is from you, the less likely you two are to interact.
core
developed countries (US, W. Europe, Japan, & Australia)
periphery
less developed countries (Asia, Africa, & Latin America)
preservation
the maintenance of resources in their present condition w/ as little human impact as possible
Global Positioning System (GPS)
determines precise location based on satellite signals
remote sensing
using long distance methods like satellite imagery to GATHER DATA about the Earth's surface
renewable resource
produced in nature faster than it is consumed by humans
nonrenewable resource
produced in nature more slowly than it is consumed by humans
latitude
the numbering system to indicate the location of a parallel
longitude
the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe & measuring distance east & west of the prime meridian
parallel
a circle drawn around the globe parallel to the equator & at right angles to the meridians
meridian
an arc drawn btwn the North & South pole
prime meridian
the meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England (0 degrees longitude)
International Date Line
180 degrees (move clock back 24 hrs/ entire day, if you are heading eastward toward America
Space-Time Compression
decrease travel time btwn places, promotes rapid cultural & economic change, & allows remote places to be more acessible
Tropic of Cancer
23.5 degrees latitude N
Tropic of Capricorn
23.5 degrees latitude S
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
the time at the prime meridian (0 degrees longitude), is the master reference time for all points on Earth
Cultural Hearth
Heartland, source area, innovation center; place of origin of a major culture.
Cultural Trait
A single element of normal PRACTICE IN a CULTURE ex. the wearing of a turban.
transnational corporation
A company that conducts research, operates factories, and sells products in many countries, not just where its headquarters or shareholders are located.