honors bio final semester 1

independent variable

controlled change

dependent variable

change that's measured

constant variable

variable that doesnt change

covalent bond

atoms share electrons

ionic bond

when atoms give/take electrons

carbohydrates

made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

proteins

made of amino acids

lipids

fatty acids

nucleic acid

made of nucleotides

dehydration synthesis

Condensation reaction where molecules are connected by loss of a water molecule.

hydrolysis

when a molecule breaks down with the addition of a molecule

enzyme

speeds up a chemical reaction

active site

part of enzyme where the chemical reaction occurs/where the substrate binds to the enzyme

what happens to enzymes if the pH or temperature is off?

stops working

cell membrane

made of double layer of phospholipids

passive transport

the movement of substances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell

diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

osmosis

diffusion of water

facilitated diffusion

Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels

active transport

the movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy

active transport proteins

move substrates against the concentration gradient

endocytosis

things going into the cell, cell engulfs material

exocytosis

release of substances out a cell by the fusion of a vesicle with the membrane.

hypertonic

Having a higher concentration of solute than another solution (cell shrinks)

hypotonic

Having a lower concentration of solute than another solution (cell swells)

Isotonic

when the concentration of two solutions is the same

transport channels

protein chanells in the cell membrane used to transport ions and molecules across the membrane

pumps in the cell membrane

made of protein

function of nucleus

Directs all the cells activities; contains the cells DNA

function of mitochondria

cellular respiration (powerhouse of the cell 💪)

function of golgi body

package and ship proteins out of the cell

function of chloroplast

Site of photosynthesis

function of vesicles

Cellular package containing products such as protein

lysosome

kills stuff

large central vacuole

plant cells only, stores water and other liquids

prokaryotic cells

do not have a nucleus or other membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotic cells

Contain a nucleus and other organelles that are bound by membranes.

plant cells vs animal cells

cell wall, chloroplast, central vacuole vs centrioles, lysosomes

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work

where is the energy in ATP

between phosphate bonds

where does the energy in ATP come in during cellular respiration?

during glycolysis

what organisms do cellular respiration?

all living organisms

light dependent reaction

reactions of photosynthesis that use energy from light to produce ATP and NADPH

chlorophyll

A green pigment found in the chloroplasts of plants, algae, and some bacteria

calvin cycle

reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy compounds such as sugars

calvin cycle location

stroma

glycolysis

the breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid.

krebs cycle

second stage of cellular respiration, in which pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions

chemosynthesis

process in which chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates (little guys at the bottom of the ocean)

equation for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2

equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy

fermentation

Process by which cells release energy in the absence of oxygen

product of fermentation in muscles

lactic acid

G1 phase

stage of interphase in which cell grows and performs its normal functions

S phase

DNA replication

g2 phase

The second growth phase of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.

m phase

mitosis and cytokinesis

when must dna replication occur for mitosis to occur?

synthesis

function of mitosis

Growth, Repair, Replacement, Asexual Reproduction

cytokinesis

division of the cytoplasm

g0

A nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly.

how do different cells differ in their rates of cell division?

some cells have longer life spans then others

why is it important for cells to have large surface area to volume ratio?

so they can be more efficient

chromatid

half of a chromosome

sister chromatids

two halfs of a chromosome

centromere

Region of a chromosome where the two sister chromatids attach

histones

protein molecules around which DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin

genes

sections of DNA that determine traits

telomeres

stoppers at the end of chromosomes

result of mitosis after cytokinesis

two identical cells

prophase

Chromosomes become visable, nuclear envelop dissolves, spindle forms

metaphase

Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

anaphase

the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles

telophase

the final phase of cell division in which the chromatids or chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell and two nuclei are formed.

order of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

external factor that controls the cell cycle

physical and chemical signals

internal factor that controls the cell cycle

cyclins and kinases

apoptis

programmed cell death

cancer

any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division

how are cancer cells different from normal cells?

they divide uncontrollably

benign tumor

a mass of abnormal cells that remains at the site of origin

malignant tumor

mass of abnormal cells resulting from uncontrolled cancer cell division

metastasis

The spread of cancer cells beyond their original site

causes of cancer

smoking, radiation, genetics, carcinogens, bad luck

cancer treatment

surgery, radiation, chemotherapy

levels of organization in multicellular organisms

cell, tissue, organ, organ system

cell differentiation

the process by which a cell becomes specialized for a specific structure or function.

how do cells differentiate?

they all use specific different genes

stem cell

unspecialized cell that can develop into a specialized cell under the right conditions

totipotent stem cells

can grow into any other cell type

pluripotent stem cells

stem cells that can become almost all types of tissues and cells in the body.

multipotent stem cells

can grow only into cells of a closely related cell family

homologous chromosomes

pair of chromosomes that are the same size, same appearance and same genes.

autosomes

non-sex chromosomes (22 pairs)

sex chromosomes

X and Y chromosomes.

haploid cells

a cell containing only one set of chromosomes - gametes (n)

diploid cells

a cell containing two sets of chromosomes (2n), one set inherited from each parent.

2n

diploid number

n

haploid number

somatic cells

body cells (diploid)