Microbiology chapter 2

inorganic chemicals

a chemical that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen.

organic compounds

compounds that contains a basic framework of carbon bonded to hydrogens

methane CH4

the simplest organic compounds

liposomes and fullerenes

are hollow, carbon-based structures that seem well-suited to the precise delivery of drugs within the body.

buckyballs and nanotubes

These molecules can also have drugs loaded into their cores and be directed toward specific cells or organs, but they are not broken down in the body and can remain in place much longer than traditional drug carriers. They are being tested as a means of treating cancers with radioactive isotopes and delivering antiviral drugs into infected cells.

functional groups

help define chemical class of certain groups of organic compounds and confer unique reactive properties on the whole mole group it carries

biochemicals

Biochemicals are organic compounds produced by (or that are components of) living things, and they include four main families: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

carbohydrates

monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides

monosaccharides

3- to 7- carbon sugars, glucose, fructose; involved in metabolic reactions

disaccharides

2 monosaccharides; maltose, lactose, sucrose

polysaccharides

chains of monosaccharides; starch, cellulose, glycogen/ cell wall. food storage

lipids

long or complex, hydrophobic C-H chains attached to a glycerol molecule, created by dehydration synthesis; triglycerides, phospholipids, waxes, steroids;

triglycerides

energy storage. fatty acid + glycerol + phosphate; fats, oils, cell membranes, storage membranes

waxes

fatty acids, alcohols: mycolic acid; cell wall of myobacteria

steroids

found in cell membrane and animal hormones. ringed structure; cholesterol, ergosterol, membranes of eukaryotes and some bacteria

proteins

polypeptides

polypeptides

amino acids in a chain bound by peptide bonds; enzymes, ribosomes, antibodies

nucleic acids

DNA, RNA, ATP;

nucleic acid

nucleotides, composed of pentose sugar + phosphate + nitrogenous base; adenine, guanine; cytosine, thymine, uracil

DNA

contains deoxyribose sugar A,T, C, G nitrogen bases, double helix, hereditary material

RNA

ribonucleic acid, A, U, C, G nitrogen bases, ribosomes , mRNA, tRNA, organize protein synthesis

ATP

Contains adenine, ribose sugar and 3 phosphate groups; high energy compound that gives off energy to power reaction in cells; transfer and storage of energy

carbohydrate

members of this chemical class resemble combinations of carbon and water

aldehyde

carbonyl group bonded to a hydrogen and another carbon

ketone

carbonyl group between 2 carbons

saccharide

sugar

fructose

named for fruit

maltose

malt sugar; composed of 2 glucose; an important breakdown product of starch

glycosidic bonds

subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides are linked by means of

dehydration synthesis

a process common to most polymerization reactions.

cellulose

cell walls in plants and many microscopic algae derive their strength and rigidity from

agar

polysaccharide indispensable for preparing solid culture media, is natural component of certain seaweeds

chitin

a polymer of glucosamine, is a major compound in the cell walls of fungi and exoskeletons of insects

peptidoglycan

is one special class of compounds in which polysaccharides(glycans) are linked to peptide fragments

lipopolysaccharides

a complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock

hydrolysis

water molecules is required for breaking the bond between 2 glucose molecules, digestion is

wax

ester formed between a long chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid

proteins

the predominant organic molecules in cells are

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

R group

variations among the amino acids occur at the

enzymes

serve as a catalyst for all chemical reactions in a cell and nearly reaction requires a different one

antibodies

are complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms

native state

the functional 3 dimensional form of a protein is

purines

adenine and guanine

pyrimidines

thymine, cytosine, uracil

phospolipids

fatty acids

monomers

a repeating subunit

polymer

a chain of monomers

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

4 biological macromolecules

fructose

Sugars involved in metabolic reactions

glucose

Sugars involved in metabolic reactions

galactose

glycosidic bonds

link subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides

dehydration synthesis

loss of water in a polymerization reaction

phospholipids

major cell membrane components

cysteine

phenylalanine

tyrosine

peptide bonds

amino acids are attached through ___ to form proteins

pentose sugars

deoxyribose, ribose

purine bases

adenine, guanine

pyrimidine bases

thymine, cytosine, uracil

Alaine

valine

lactose

milk sugar; Composed of glucose and galactose

sucrose

table sugar; Composed of glucose and fructose

Palmitic acid

a saturated fatty acid

Linolenic acid

Unsaturated fatty acid that is oily saturated because it has 3 double bonds