Tags & Description
Auricles
________- appendages that increase atrial volume, rights posterior wall is smooth, anterior is ridged.
Angiogenesis
________- new alternate pathways for blood.
Heart rate
________ responds to input from- aortic arch and carotid sinuses.
Sinusoids
________ of ________ capillaries- leaky, in liver as macrophages, spleen as phagocytes, destroy /remove pathogens.
Anastomosis
________- pre- existing alternate pathways for blood, not adequate supply.
Stroke Volume
________- amount of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 beat (60- 80 ml)
Lubb
________- long slow 1st sound, contraction of ventricles /closing of AV valves.
Arterioles
________- lose tunica externa as they get smaller, mainly tunica media, determine blood flow into capillary beds.
Purkinje fibers
________- transmit impulses to ventricular myocardium.
QRS
________ complex- depolarization of ventricles + depolarization of atria.
skin mm
Continuous capillaries- least permeable, most common, abundant in ________.
T
________ wave- depolarization of ventricles.
Atria
________ and ventricle is NOT connected by- gap junctions.
Tunica
________ intima- smooth to prevent clotting, innermost.
Lymph vessels
________, some elastin, holds vessel open /prevents ruptures.
Skeletal muscle pump
________- milks blood upwards and vales prevent back flow.
Cardiac output
________- amount of blood going through body in 1 minute.
Atrioventricular node
________- special cardiac mm that slows conduction to allow complete atrial atria.
Pulmonary Artery
________- carries deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to the lungs.
Pulmonary circuit
________- Right side of heart.
Ventricular systole
________- blood moves ACTIVELY into semilunar valves.
Pulmonary Vein
________- carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (left atrium)
Tunica media
________- smooth mm and elastic CT, changes vessels diameter, maintains normal BP, regulated by SNS.
Elastic
________ (conducting) arteries- thick walled arteries near heart, contain more elastin, expand as blood ejected, pressure smoothing effect.
Membranes/Linings of the heart
Fibrous CT (anchors, protects), Parietal Pericardium, Visceral Pericardium (aka epicardium)
Heart Wall Layers
Epicardium, myocardium (autorrhythmic), endocardium (smooth mm to prevent clots)
Pulmonary Artery
carries deoxygenated blood from heart (right ventricle) to the lungs
Pulmonary Vein
carries oxygenated blood from lungs to heart (left atrium)
Auricles
appendages that increase atrial volume, rights posterior wall is smooth, anterior is ridged
Pulmonary circuit
Right side of heart
Systematic circuit
Left side of heart
Left side of heart anatomy
higher BP because pushing to more extremities, walls thicker to have stronger contractions
Blood supply of Myocardium
coronary circulation
Coronary vessels deliver blood to the myocardium when
heart relaxed
Extra pre-existing pathways for blood
anastomoses
Extra created pathways for blood
angiogenesis
Sinoatrial node
natural pacemaker for heart w/out extrinsic factors,
Atrioventricular node
special cardiac mm that slows conduction to allow complete atrial atria
Bundle of HIS/AV Bundle
receives and transmits impulses to bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
transmit impulses to ventricular myocardium
Atria and ventricle is NOT connected by
gap junctions
P wave
depolarization of atria
QRS complex
depolarization of ventricles + depolarization of atria
T wave
depolarization of ventricles
systole
contraction
diastole
relaxation
atrial diastole
blood flows into atria
atrial systole
blood moves PASSIVELY into ventricles
ventricular systole
blood moves ACTIVELY into semilunar valves
Lubb
long slow 1st sound, contraction of ventricles/closing of AV valves
dubb
short sharp 2nd sound, closing of semilunar valves
Cardiac output formula
(stroke volume x heart rate)/1000
Cardiac output
amount of blood going through body in 1 minute
Stroke Volume
amount of blood pumped by ventricle in 1 beat (60-80 ml)
Starlings law of the heart
the more stretched the heart mm @ start of contraction, the stronger contraction is
untrained exercise effects on heart
CO increases due to HR/SV increasing, SV plateaus but HR increases
trained exercise effects on heart
athletes develop greater SV due to mm efficiency
Heart rate responds to input from
aortic arch and carotid sinuses
raises heart rate
anger, anxiety, fear, exercise, hormones, warm blood
lowers heart rate
grief, pain, cold blood
tunica intima
smooth to prevent clotting, innermost
tunica media
smooth mm and elastic CT, changes vessels diameter, maintains normal BP, regulated by SNS
tunica externa
fibrous ct w/nerve fibers
elastic (conducting) arteries
thick walled arteries near heart, contain more elastin, expand as blood ejected, pressure smoothing effect
muscular (distributing) arteries
thickest tunica media
arterioles
lose tunica externa as they get smaller, mainly tunica media, determine blood flow into capillary beds
anastomosis
pre-existing alternate pathways for blood, not adequate supply
angiogenesis
new alternate pathways for blood
continuous capillaries
least permeable, most common, abundant in skin/mm
fenestrated capillaries
some have pores, found wherever active absorption/filtration occurs (ex
sinusoids of sinusoidal capillaries
leaky, in liver as macrophages, spleen as phagocytes, destroy/remove pathogens
places with poor capillary supply
tendons, ligaments, cartilage, cornea, lens
simple diffusion
O2 Co2
intercellular clefts/fenestrations
small water soluble solutes (amino acids, sugars)
pinocytotic vesicles/caveole
larger molecules (proteins)
Metabolic controls of blood flow
decreased O2/wastes causes vasodilation, too much blood flow and endothelins cause vasoconstriction
myogenic controls of blood flow
vascular mm responds to stretch with increased tone causing vasoconstriction, vice versa
Veins VS Arteries anatomy
veins have thinner walls (deal with lower BP), veins have endothelium folded to form one-way valves, smooth mm in veins is thinner
veins physiology
reservoirs, up to 65% of blood supply in veins at any given time
respiratory pump
increased respiration directly related to increased circulation
skeletal muscle pump
milks blood upwards and vales prevent back flow