AP Euro Unit 5

The Scientific Revolution of the 17th and 18th centuries created

massive political and social change in Europe

Who dominated trade in the 16th century

portuguese (also Spain)

During the 15th-16th centuries

Portugal and Spain were rivals as they colonized every single land mass in existence

17th century

English and the Dutch waged constant war

1689- William of Orange and William III allied themselves

Factors that influenced commercial rivalries

The worldwide growth of trade and mercantilism

The domination of industrial power

Rise in need for new markets

reliance on the use of African labor

Build up of British/French navies to control the sea

Declining naval domination of Spain, Portugal, and the Netherlands

why did protugal fall?

1580s, Spain controlled them

1640- Regained independence, but lost most of their colonial possessions

French India company

Progress was slowed by the British East India company

In 1769, it lost monopoly and then ended during the French Revolution

most important British-Indian trading centers

Madras and Bombay

when did britian colonize india

In 1763, the seven wars war gave the British control of India

They used india to boost economic prosperity, but devastated the country

England v. Dutch Republic

17th Century

Rivalry resulted in 3 wars from 1652-1674 (Anglo-Dutch Wars) which resulted in rivalries over trade routes and overseas colonies

Came to an end in 1689 when William of Orange (Dutch) became King William III of England during the Glorious Rev.

Britain v. France

1701-1763 - Seaborne rivalry

Rivalry over control of North America, Caribbean, Africa, India and Eastern Asia

War of Austrian Succession

France controlled Madras (Chennai)

Peace Treaty at the end of war gave Madras to Britain

when did the VOC collapse

1799 VOC collapsed b/c of British competition

Mughal Empire

Muslim state (1526-1857) exercising dominion over most of India in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

collapse led to armed conflict between Britain and France

England and Scotland were ruled by the Stuart monarchs for over 100 years until

they were united into a single kingdom

Last Stuart monarch

Queen Anne

Acts of Union

England and Scotland and transferred power to a protestant monarch (1607)

This avoided issues with power balances that destroyed Spain

1688 French army

France had the strongest army in Europe

The navy was larger than england and dutch

When Austria was battling the Ottoman, Louis XIV invaded

the Rhinelands

William of Orange was his primary adversary (and William III)

The War of the Grand Alliance stopped France from taking land, but not rivalries

Rivalries erupt once again during the War of Spanish Succession

After the Glorious Revolution

Mary's sister Anne took the throne

Passed to Elizabeth Stuart (daughter of James I)

Passed to her only son, George I

War of the Austrian Succession

Charles IV died in 1740 with no male heir. Maria Theresa ruled.

Frederick II of Prussia invaded the Habsburgs, starting the war

France, Bavaria, and Spain sided with Prussia

Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle concluded the war and Fredrick the Great recognized Maria Theresa's husband as Holy Roman Emperor.

The Seven Years War

Austria wanted to regain Silesia which was lost to Prussia during the war of succession

France and Austria (diplomatic revolution), Russia, Saxony, Sweden vs Prussia, England

Britain and France fought over Hanover, but British navy won over India

British and French Rivalries in North America

Britain won the French and Indian war in 1763 with the treaty of Paris

Britain received land east of the Mississippi and Canada

Britain got Florida

Spain got Louisiana and French territory West of the Mississippi

France kept its sugar islands

During the American Revolution, colonists allied themselves with France

New democracies caused chaos in Europe

Treaty of Utrecht

France, The Netherlands, and Spain all were worsened economically following the war of Spanish succession

War of the Grand Alliance

also called War of the League of Augsburg**

1695 the French war effort was weakened by the death of their undefeated general, the Duke de Luxembourg

Treaty of Rijswijk brought no resolution to conflict. Did not end rivalries

The American Revolution

1775-1783

British vs. Colonists/French

Ben Franklin negotiates to keep Spain out of the War and prevent European powers from entering into secret alliances with Britain

French naval success at Yorktown - British surrendered in 1781

The French and Indian War

1754-1763

Britain and colonists try to counter French Expansion along western frontier of the Ohio River Valley

British/Colonists vs. French/Natives

Ended by Treaty of Paris (1763)

Britain received all lands east of Mississippi river and Canada

Britain received Florida from Spain

Spain gets Louisiana and French lands west of Mississippi

France keeps Haiti in Caribbean

Major causes of the French Revolution

The Enlightenment

Class conflict

Economic problems

Weakness of Louis XVI

How did the Enlightenment influence the French Revolution?

More literate public—public opinion develops (unfavorable to monarchy)

Gather in salons to discuss new ideas

Newspapers, books & pamphlets circulate

Libel & satire against king and queen

Radical writings of discontented "Grub Street" writers unable to break in to the "high enlightenment"

Ex. John Paul Marat

Emphasis on reason—begin to question the church & the king's divine right & infallibility

Locke

natural rights: life, liberty & property; right to overthrow oppressive government

Voltaire

urges France to emulate British political system; religious toleration; freedom of speech

Rousseau

Social Contract; republic; separate spheres; men are born good & corrupted by society

Montesquieu

3 branches of government

Abbe Sieyes

"What is the Third Estate?"

What is the Third Estate?

EVERYTHING

What has it been hitherto in politics?

NOTHING

What does it ask?

TO BECOME SOMETHING....

a French Roman Catholic abbé, clergyman, and political writer who was the chief political theorist of the French Revolution; he also held offices in the governments of the French Consulate and the First French Empire

Economic problems that caused the French Rev.

Deeply in debt due to Seven Years' War and American Revolution

Parlements (royal courts dominated by the nobility) prevented the king from taxing the nobles

Bad Harvests led to food shortages & general unrest among urban poor

• France is a wealthy country with an impoverished government

Jacques Necker