Honors Biology Unit 5 - Vocab

alveoli

tiny air sacs surrounded by thin-walled capillaries

• where gas exchange occurs

• 150 million/lung

arterioles

a small branch of an artery leading into capillaries

blood pressure

the pressure of the blood in the circulatory system

• systolic over diastolic

capillaries

the smallest blood vessels

circulatory system

the system that circulates blood through the body

• consists of the heart, blood vessels, blood, lymph, and lymphatic vessels and glands

gas exchange

• oxygen in the alveoli diffuses across the alveoli wall into the capillaries which contain blood

• carbon dioxide does the opposite, it diffuses from the blood across the alveoli wall and into the alveoli. from here co2 is exhaled

hypertension

• high blood pressure

• 140/90 and above

lungs

• 2 of them

• help with gas exchange

pharynx

• aka the throat

• helps you to breathe and digest food

pulmonary artery

• there are two

• they carry oxygen poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs

pulse

a rythmical throbbing of the arteries as blood is propelled through them

systolic pressure

pressure exerted when blood is ejected into arteries

veins

• carry oxygen poor blood/carbon dioxide rich blood

• body to heart

• thinner because less pressure exerted on your veins

• valves

white blood cells

• involved in immunity

• protect/fight infection

• thousands

anemia

• not enough red blood cells

• can’t preform gas exchange properly

atria/atrium

each of the two upper cavities of the heart from which blood is passed to the ventricles

• the right atrium receives oxygen poor blood

• the left atrium receives oxygen rich blood

bronchus/bronchi

series of air passage tubes which diverge from the windpipe

cardiac cycle

the flow of blood through the heart coordinated by electrochemical signals that cause the heart muscle to contract and relax.

diaphragm

• a thin dome shaped partition that seperates the thorax from the abdomen

• plays a major role in breathing bc inflates the lungs

heart

pumps blood and oxygen through body

interstitial fluid

the body fluid between blood vessels and cells

negative pressure breathing

mechanical ventilation in which negative pressure is generated on the outside of the chest and transmitted to the interior to expand the lungs and allow air to flow in

plasma

fluid inside the blood vessels that house blood cells and many other substances

• responsible for pH

• 55% of blood

pulmonary circuit

moves blood between the heart and the lungs

red blood cells

• carrier of co2 and o2

• created in bone marrow

• eject nuclei when entering the blood stream

  • don’t intend to reproduce outside of bone marrow

  • want more space for hemoglobin

• millions

trachea

• aka windpipe

• cartilage tube extending from larynx to bronchial tubes

• moves air to and from the lungs

venule

a very small vein that collects blood from the capillaries

arteries

• carry oxygen rich blood

• heart to body

• more pressure exerted on arteries so thicker vessels

blood

1. Plasma:

   1. The fluid portion of the blood that surrounds/carries the blood cells. Also carries other molecules and ions.

   2. pH of the plasma changes in different locations in the body

   3. 55% of blood

2. Red Blood Cells:

   1. Made in bone marrow

   2. ejects nuclei upon entering the bloodstream for the first time to make room for more hemoglobin

   3. 90% hemoglobin by weight

   4. function: carries O₂ and CO₂

   5. millions

3. White blood cells:

   1. have a nucleus

   2. responsible for fighting infections and protecting the body

   3. thousands

4. Platelets:

   1. fragments of cells that are used to create clots and prevent bleeding

   2. 100s - thousands

• red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets make up 45% of blood

bronchioles

one of the smaller branches that diverge from the bronchi

carbon dioxide

made of one carbon and two oxygen

diastolic pressure

pressure blood exerts within arteries between heartbeats

heart attack

• cardiac arrest

• a sudden, sometimes fatal, occurence of coronary thrombosis - local clotting of the blood, typically results in the death of part of a heart muscle

larynx

• aka the voice box

• protects respiratory tract from aspirating food into the trachea

• hollow tube above trachea behind esophagus

oxygen pacemaker

• small group of cells found in the right atrium

• sets the pace for the heart rate

• the signal makes the atria contract then sends the signal to the ventricles which contracts second

platelets

• fragments of cells that are used to create clots and prevent bleeding

• 100s - thousands

pulmonary veins

• function is to transport oxygen rich blood to left atrium

• lungs to heart

respiratory system

a group of organs and tissues that work together to help you breathe

vena cava

• the largest vein in your body

• carries oxygen poor blood to your heart

ventricle

• a hollow cavity in an organ

• each of the main chambers of the heart (left and right)

Positive pressure breathing

• Frog gulps in the air (inhalation)

  • When the jaw is raised, the pressure of the air inside the mouth cavity increases

• Close mouth and nares (nostrils)

  • Air moves from the mouth cavity (high pressure) to the lungs (low pressure)

• Raises jaw and tongue to make cavity small

• Force air down

tracheal breathing

Air exchange through tubes (trachea) in the air, takes air in without breathing/taking a breath

Cutaneous respiration(skin breathing)

Capillaries on the surface allow for gas exchange on the cover/at the skin

gill breathing

• Like lungs that have been turned inside out

• Do diffusion on the inside of the body, gas exchange with water on the outside

hemoglobin

• most efficient gas transport

• need proper iron levels for it to work

• 90% of weight of red blood cells