History Unit 7

the cold war

An ideological conflict between 2 super powers US & USSR that dominates global affairs between 1945-1990

bipolarization of cold war

• Britain politically split down middle between Capitalists and Communists

• NATO vs. Warsaw Pact

4 Freedoms Speech

Roosevelt identified 4 freedoms everyone in the world ought to enjoy

• Freedom of speech (positive)

• Freedom of worship (positive)

• Freedom from want (negative)

• Freedom from fear (negative)

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

• United Nations

• Roosevelt’s ideas appear in declaration

• Private property rights (capitalist, first world nations) → positive freedom

  • Communist aspects → negative freedoms

Stalin

wanted full control of Eastern Europe to spread communism in reaction to the US threats

Truman

committed the US to the containment of Soviet expansionism in Europe; established the Truman Doctrine to economically appeal to Europe and prevent communism from spreading

Tito

• leader of Communist resistance in Yugoslavia

• remained neutral in Cold War

The Truman Doctrine

• President Truman requested aid for Greece and turkey to prevent expansion of communism

• Financial aid to countries threatened by communism

The Marshall Plan

• Economic recovery to rebuild prosperity and stability throughout Europe

• Prevent appeal to communism and bring in $ from European purchases of American goods

The Soviet’s perception of the Marshall Plan

• Capitalist imperialism

• Attempt to buy support of small vulnerable European countries → economic exploitation of US

  • Soviets could not counter Marshall Plan except tighten control of Eastern Europe

containment

against further aggressive Soviet expansion; adroit and vigilant application of counter-force at a series of constantly shifting geographic locations corresponding to Soviet Policy

Spread of Communism in 1946

communists seized control, all non-communist parties dissolved w Klement Gottwald

Yugoslavia

• exception of Soviet domination; neutralist nation

• Tito leader

  • Gained support of people to form an independent communist nation with neutralist policy

  • Yugoslav Communists going away from Stalinism and went to decentralized economic/political system -- workers exercise political pwr

Shanghai Massacre

• 1927: Chinese flee cities to countryside

• Leads to Civil war b/w Nationalists and CCP

  • A new kind of rural/agricultural communism, targeting peasants/farmers

Communists vs. Nationalists war in China

• Communist victory and Soviet Union gave very little assistance to CCP

• Truman admin took investigation of further expansion in the region

  • Containment of East Asia

Long March

1935

• Defining moment for chinese communism

• Force of 90,000 → 9,000 soldiers

• Ultimately escape to where they can be isolated in countryside → Mao + supporters come to power

• By showing the struggle of the Long March, it becomes a badge of honor to legitimize communism in power to Mao and peasants

New China

china’s communist leaders’ desire of peace lessened by desire to erase humiliation from imperialist powers and restore traditional aspects in Chinese empire

Taiwan

• China’s attempt to recreate buffer zone in Korea and Taiwan → conflict w foreign pwr

• Tension b/w China & US for Taiwan (taiwan = defense in pacific for US)

Mao Zedong

Leader of CCP who wanted to consolidate pwr and heal from war

Mao’s Plans

• Transition to socialism with 5 year plan

  • increases industrialization and increase food production to meet population overgrowth → didn’t work out (15 million starved to death)

Great Leap Forward

(‘53-’64)

• Collective farms

• Massive communes which made it worse

• Mao wants this to be point where China leaps forward, but people question his rule instead

Cultural Rev in China

(‘66-’67)

• Uses to eliminate rivals

• Re-energize revolution because people are lazy

• movement to destroy all vestiges of traditional societies

  • 4 olds: idea, habits, customs, culture

How can the cultural rev in China be achieved?

• Cult of personality

• Red guard groups of youth responsible for abuse in rev

Public shaming and violence

India

• State defined as a Hindu state → Muslim = minority

• Formation of Pakistan: Muslims wanted a state

• Violence between population in religious conflict from Pakistan to India

• British declared 2 independent states India & Pakistan

Ali Jinnah

• Leader of Muslim league

• Demanded creation of separate states for Muslims & Hindus

• Argued that nationalistic ideologies could not feel unified if there are distinct peoples; a nation needs of a homeland because of self-determination

Nehru (in comparison to Jinnah)

• Leader of INC

• determined to unite the two states to make one unified nation

• Argued that there are so many differences beyond Hindus and Muslims, so there would be no way to stop splitting; Muslims not financially capable; no geographic sense since 2 religions are spread throughout India

Nehru believed (in comparison to Gandhi)

• Only solution to world’s probs = socialism to end poverty, unemployment

• Changes in political/social structure

• Land & industry focuses

• feudal / autocratic ruling

• Values views in the middle of British Labor Party & Stalinism

Gandhi believed

• Independence most important to have full pwr -- each village defending itself

• Shared community composed of individuals

• Gov should not crush their ppl w law enforcement, but give strength to their ppl

imperialism coming to an end

• 1946: US granted independence to Philippines

  • 1948: Union of Burma received independence

french/dutch imperialism

• French/Dutch refused to turn their colonies over to nationalist movements at end of war

• US feared communist victory w Dutch vs. East Indies → pressured Dutch to grand independence to Sukarno and Indonesia granted independence

new nations in southeast asia govs

• A lot of nations newly granted freedom took after western democratic model

  • some failed to root postwar bc independence had not ended economic inequality (lacking tech, edu resources, capital investment)

Sukarno

• foreign policy president and founding father of Indonesia

• Wanted to Unite Indonesia

• diverse socio-cultural composition

• Believed in an anti-colonial nation

• Founded Non-Alignment Movement (NAM)

guided democracy

Sukarno aims to improve weak points in overly-free democracy, but really intended to secure his pwr

The domino theory

US theory similar to containment that if a country falls to communism, then communism will rapidly spread

Who was the Burma independence movement led by?

Aung Sang

Myanmar

Led the military dictatorship of Burma from 1962-2006

Aung San Suu Kyi

• primary activist against military dictatorship in Burma

• Under her rule: ongoing Rohingya Genocide

1940 in Indonesia

Dutch tries to re-establish colonial rule

1950 in Indonesia

Sukrano leads fighting and Indonesians win independence

1955 in Indonesia

Sukrano leads vision of guided democracy, creating unity between divided ethnic groups/ideologies

Suharto

• Military general of Indonesia who took power from 1965-2000

• Authoritarian, anti-communist rule

1940 with Vietnam

Independence movement vs. France

Battle of Dien Bien Phu

Vietnam defeats France

How is Vietnam split?

• United Nations splits Vietnam

• Northern zone for Vietnamese rebels

• Southern zone for Vietnam (France)

• Free electron to bring 2 zones together and US wants it (domino theory)

Ngo Dinh Diem

• dictator US installs

• Refuses to hold elections to crush communism

• US repressive regime

• Expands Vietnam war

Dec of Vietnam

• Argues that Vietnam deserves independence for nationalism and right to sovereignty

• Audience to US by using language of US Dec

  • Present list of complaints and show that Vietnam values US principles and wishes for their support

CCP

wanted a socialist society, but realized that its supporters were focused more on land, social justice, peace, and honest government → new democracy

red guards

consisted of discontented youth + workers mobilized by Mao to sanitize China from capitalist elements

Bangladesh

Independence declared for East Pakistan (riots against government, India intervened on their side)

Greek Civil War

• possible confrontation between. Soviets + British, gave opportunity for Truman administration to take a stand

• Communist-led forces (supported by Tito) v.s. pro-West governments

• Great Britain withdrew from Greece (post-war economic problems)

George Kennan

• US Diplomat experienced in Soviet affairs

• Believes Russia = insecure, feels behind

Chiang Kai-Shek

• nationalist + anti-communist, would provide economic and political support for Soviet Russia in China

• Lost lots of support to Mao, fled to Taiwan with his government

• In Taiwan: Republic of China

Clement Atlee

new prime minister of Britain, part of Labour party

Announced that power would be transferred to "responsible Indian hands" by 1948 June

partition

• Formation of Pakistan (for Muslims) to avoid oppression (minority)

• migrations between countries, Pakistan and India were defined as their religions

• people wanted to avoid being a minority → deaths (religious conflicts + chaos)

President Ferdinand Marcos

discarded democratic system in Philippines and established centralized control

People’s liberation army

grows by promises of land + social justice and governments failure to solve economic problems