AQA A-Level History Tudors: Henry VIII

When did Henry VIII become King?

1509

Who did Henry VIII arrest within days of becoming King?

Empson and Dudley (of the Council learned in law)

What did Henry VIII initially do to show that he had a different attitude towards nobles?

Disbanded the Council Learned in Law and cancelled 175 bonds

What did Henry VIII continue to use to maintain peace?

JPs

Who was Lord Chancellor at the beginning of Henry VIIIs reign?

Sir Thomas More

What were Henry VIIIs aims in foreign policy at the beginning of his reign?

To establish his presence and demonstrate strength

When did Henry VIII first lead an army to France?

1512

When did Wolsey lead a second expedition to France?

1513

What were the results of the 1513 expedition to France?

Battle of Spurs victory and gain of Therouanne and Tournai

What Treaty with France was made in 1514?

Treaty of Saint Germaine-en-Laye

In 1512, what country invaded England?

Scotland

In what battle were the Scots defeated in 1513?

Battle of Flodden

When was Wolsey made Cardinal by Pope Leo X and Lord Chancellor?

1515

When was Wolsey appointed Papal Legate?

1518

What was Wolsey most interested in reforming in the Church?

Education (closed down some monasteries to pay for this)

At the time of Wolsey, who began to publish parts of the bible in English?

William Tyndale

What was Wolsey accused of in regard to the Church?

Twin vices of absenteeism and plurality

What did Wolsey publicly burn?

Lutheran texts

In 1526, what did Wolsey use to reduce the influence of others at court?

Eltham Ordinances

What was Wolsey's main concern in legal issues?

to tackle slow and unfair delivery of justice 9and to promote civil law)

How did Wolsey use the Star Chamber?

to attack nobles and local officials

By how much did Wolsey increase the number of cases heard every year?

120

What did Wolsey use to hear cases from poor people?

Court of Requests

When did Wolsey conduct a financial survey to assess who could pay tax?

1522, gained £200000 in forced loans

What flexible tax did Wolsey introduce?

Subsidy

Amicable Grant

1525

When did Wolsey conduct a national enquiry on enclosure?

1517

How many Parliaments were called under Wolsey?

2

What forced Wolsey to fall back on the issue of enclosure?

Opposition from landowners in 1523

Why was there a personal threat to Henry VIII in regard to foreign policy?

All major powers were now ruled by young monarchs such as himself

When was the Treaty of London?

October 1518

What the Treaty of London call for

Universal peace (over two dozen countries signed)

How did Wolsey have every country sign the Treaty of London?

Seperately

When was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

June 1520

What was the Field of the Cloth of Gold?

A meeting with Francis

In 1522, England declared war on what country?

France (there was a better alliance with Spain due to Catherine of Aragon)

When was the League of Cognac created?

1526

What was the League of Cognac?

An anti-Hasburg alliance

In 1528, England was at war with whom?

The Hasburgs

When was the Treaty of Cambrai?

1529 (between France, Spain and England)

What scripture did Wolsey uncover regarding the validity of Catherine and Henry's marriage?

If a man shall take his brother's wife, it is an impurity... they shall be childless

In 1529, of what did Henry accuse Wolsey?

Praemunire (working in the interest of the Pope rather than the King)

Who replaced Wolsey as Chancellor?

Sir Thomas More

What did William Tyndale's book; The obedience of the Christian Man suggest?

Kings had authority from God

What historians suggested that Henry VIII was unsure of how to go about the divorce and feared a split with the pope?

Elton and Haigh

What was the 'Supplication Against the Ordinaries' introduced by Cromwell?

called on the King to deal with the corruption of the clergy (1532)

When was the act, preventing payment of annates to Rome, passed?

1532

When did Cromwell become Lord Privy Seal?

1536

When did Cromwell become Lord Great Chamberlain?

1540

When was the Act in restraint of appeals passed?

1533

When was the Act of Supremacy?

1534

How did government react to the reformation?

Actively encouraged it

What book, written at the time of the reformation, stressed the need for a hierarchy?

True Obedience - Stephen Gardiner

What did Cranmer and Cromwell produce together?

The Ten articles of faith

When was the Bishop's Book published?

1537

When was there the first proclamation that there should be a copy of the English bible in every church?

1538

When was the Act of Six Articles?

1539 (encouraged by the Duke of Norfolk i.e Howard family)

By the 16th century, the number of the regular clergy had decreased to about what?

10,000

When did Cromwell commission a survey of the value of the property of smaller monasteries?

Valor Ecclesiaticus 1535

What would dissolution of the monasteries give the crown?

More land and money

What were monasteries a permanent reminder of?

The Catholic Church (potential centres of rebellion)

When was the Act of First Fruits and Tenths?

1534 (tax the Church what they used to pay to the Pope)

When was the Act for the dissolution of smaller monasteries?

1536 (lands valued at under £200 a year)

When was the Act for the dissolution of larger monasteries?

1539

What was established in 1540 to handle the income from the dissolved monasteries?

The Court of Augmentations

What did the total value of the dissolution amount to?

ten percent of the entire wealth of the Kingdom

What did money from the dissolution mostly finance?

Foreign Policy

What was lost with the dissolution of the monasteries?

Services and aids to locals

What class seemed to benefit from the dissolution?

The gentry

What was also affected by the dissolution of the monasteries?

Education

What did Thomas More refuse to do which led to him being imprisoned?

swear an oath accepting the Succession Act

Who were the Aragonese faction?

Sympathisers of Catherine of Aragon, led by Henry Courtenay

Which Bishop was imprisoned and executed for not agreeing to Henry's divorce?

John Fisher

Which Nun had visions depicting disaster if Henry were to divorce Catherine?

Elizabeth Barton

Which group of Monks refused to accept the divorce which led to eighteen of them being executed?

The Carthusian Order

When was the Pilgrimage of Grace?

1536-37

Approximately, how many 'pilgrims' in arms were there?

40,000

Who was the leader of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

Robert Aske

Where was the Pilgrimage of Grace mostly located?

The North

What were the aims of the Pilgrimage of Grace?

To put pressure on the King to reverse Cromwell's policies

Who was the Privy council in Henry VIII's reign different from his father's?

Smaller, no more than 20 people 9conatined lawyers and professionals instead of nobles)

What four new finance departments were created under Cromwell?

Augmentations, General Surveyors, First Fruits and Tenths, Wards

Why did Cromwell use Parliament extensively?

To enact legislation needed for the Break with Rome

When did Parliament meet and then consequently last for seven years?

1529

What changed in Parliament following the dissolution of the monasteries?

The clergy became a minority in the House of Lords

When did the Pope excommunicate Henry?

1538

What Treaty in 1938, was a threat to Henry VIII?

Truce of Nice (between Charles V and Francis I)

When did Henry VIII attack the Scots after James refused to turn up repeatedly to peace negotiations?

1542 (Solway Moss, James died)

When did Henry capture Boulogne?

1544

After capturing Boulogne what was agreed between France and England?

That France would renew paying their pension money

When did Ireland lead a rebellion against the English Crown as a result of Henry displacing the Pope?

1536

When did Henry set about establishing royal authority in Ireland?

1540

What gave Henry VIII suspicions about Cromwell's personal interests?

Protestant alliance, personal religion, Cleves marriage

Who was Cromwell's bitterest rival on the Privy Council?

Duke of Norfolk (Uncle of Catherine Howard)

When was Cromwell executed?

July 1540 (same day as the marriage to Catherine)

What was Elton's view on Cromwell?

He was a brilliant public servant and a reformer of government

When was Henry VIII's succession Act?

1544

What faction was dominating at the end of Henry VIII's reign?

Reform

When was Sir Anthony Denny made Chief Gentleman of the King's Privy Chamber?

1546

What were the doctrines of the church most like at the end of Henry VIII's reign?

Catholic