AP biology

Enzyme

macromolecules that catalyze reactions by lowering the activation energy

substrate

the reactant where enzymes act

Enzyme-substrate complex

A temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme

Active Site

area for substrate to bind

Activation Energy

the minimum quality of energy which the reacting species must possess in order ot undergo a specified reaction

catabolism

the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release energy; destructive metabolism

anabolism

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism

catalyst

a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself undergoing any permanent chemical change.

pH

potential of hydrogen

Denature

take away or alter the natural qualities of

ATP

an organic compound that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells.

Kinetic energy

energy associated with motion

Potential energy

stored energy

Free energy

a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the capacity of a system to do work

exergonic reaction

reactions that release energy

endergonic reactions

reactions that absorb energy

catabolic pathway

pathways that release energy by breaking down complex molecules into a simpler compound

anabolic pathways

pathways that consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler compounds

Entropy

lack or order

Energy

the ability to do work

Thermodynamics

the study of energy transformations in matter

C4 plant

one of three known photosynthetic processes of carbon fixation in plants.

Light capturing complexes

an array of protein and chlorophyll molecules embedded in the thylakoid membrane of plants and cyanobacteria which transfer light energy to one chlorophyll a molecule

NADPH

s a cofactor used in anabolic reactions, such as the Calvin cycle and lipid and nucleic acid syntheses, which require NADPH as a reducing agent.

light

electromagnetic energy made up of particles of energy called photons.

Stomata

pores in leaves that allow CO2 in and O2 out

stroma

aqueous internal fluid

thylakoids

form stacks known as grana

reaction center

a complex of several proteins pigments and other co-factors that together execute the primary enery conversion reactions of photosynthesis

Chlorophyll

green pigment in thylakoid membranes

redox reactions

reaction involving complete or partial transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

oxidation

loss of e-

pigments

are able to absorb visible light

photosynthesis

the converesion of light energy to chemical energy

photons

particles of energy

wavelength

the distance from the crest of one wave to the crest of the next

reduction

gain of e-

photoprotection

carotenoids absorb and dissipate excessive light energy that could damage chlorophyll or interact with oxygen

heterotrophs

organisms that are unable to make their own food so they live off other organisms

calvin cycle

is a series of chemical reactions that convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen-carrier compounds into glucose

chloroplast

organelle for the location of photosynthesis

grana

the stacks of thylakoids embedded in the stroma of chloroplast

photosystems

reaction center and light capturing complexes

G3P

the product of the Calvin cycle. It is a 3-carbon sugar that is the starting point for the synthesis of other carbohydrates

CAM plant

is a carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions that allows a plant to photosynthesize during the day, but only exchange gases at night.

Cellular respiration

is a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, which may be used as energy to power many reactions throughout the body

NAD+

a coenzyme central to metabolism

FADH

edox cofactor that is created during the Krebs cycle and utilized during the last part of respiration, the electron transport chain.

Glycolysis

starting point of cellular respiration; occurs in the cytosol; splits glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates

Pyruvate oxidation;

Pyruvate is oxidized into acetyl coA which is used to make citrate in the citric acid cycle; 2 CO2 and 2 NADH are produced

citric acid cycle

also known as krebs cycle; occurs in the mitochondrial matric

Chemiosmosis

the process of diffusion of ions (usually H+ ions, also known as protons) across a selectively permeable membrane

ATP synthase

the enzyme that makes ATP molecules

Anaerobic respiration

generates ATP using an ETC in the absence of oxygen

Fermentation

generates ATP without ETC