Chapter 3

Indigenous people

________- identified plant and animal toxins.

Biomarkers

________- or chemicals or genetic changes that relate to an exposure.

Paracelsus

________- First identified the dose response relationship and the notion of target Oregon specifically.

Examples of biomarkers

________ Metals can be identified in blood, bone, hair. Radiation exposure can be identified by chromosome aberrations. Volatile organic compounds can be found in blood and breath.

What is the significance of the 2007 European study of Parkinson’s disease?

People who have been exposed to low levels of pesticides were found to be 1.13 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease compared to those not exposed. High levels were 1.41 times more likely to have Parkinson’s disease. Parkinson’s disease occurred 1.35 times more frequently and people who had been knocked unconscious. It rose to 2.53 times more frequent in those who have been knocked out more frequently.

Dermal

________- through the skin, slowest effect.

Acute

________- Usually a single exposure for less than 24 hours.

Toxicologist

________- scientist who has received extensive training in order to investigate in living organisms "the adverse effect of chemicals and assess the probability of their accurance.

Ludius Cornelius Sulla

________- Issued the first law against poisoning.

Toxicology

________- The study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms.

Subacute

________- exposure for one month or less.

Neurotoxins

________- damage the nervous system (mercury, lead, carbon disulfide)

Hepatotoxins

________- damage the liver (carbon tetrachloride, nitrosamines)

Toxicity

The degree something is poisonous, the amount to produce a harmful effect.

Xenobiotic

A chemical foreign to the biological system.

Toxicant

Toxic substance produced by humans.

Toxin

A toxic substance made by a living organism.

Nephrotoxins

Damage the kidney

Hematopoietic Agents

Damage the blood system (carbon monoxide and cyanide).

Pulmonary agents

Damage the lungs (silica, asbestos, chlorine)

Teratogens

Damage the fetus (lead and ethyl alcohol)

Cutaneous hazards

Damage the skin (Ketones, chlorinated compounds)

Eye hazards

By organic solvents and acids.

Dose

The amount of a substance administered at one time.

LD50 Lethal Dose

Dosage causing death and 50% of animals.

Threshold

 The lowest dose at which a response occurs, a sub threshold dose, has no response.

Sub chronic

Exposure for 1 to 3 months.

Chronic

Exposure for more than three months.

Latency

The time period between initial exposure and a measurable response.

Risk

The probability of an adverse event occurring.

The Dose

This is what separates a poison from a remedy.

WWI Significance

Gases were used to kill 100,000 soldiers. Phosgene gas was the most deadly. (Chlorine, phosgene and mustard)

Dose response curve

A graph used to describe the effect of exposure to a chemical or toxin on an organism such as an experimental animal.

4 Routes of entry for toxic chemicals

Intravenous, inhalation, ingestion, dermal.

Intervenous

toxins enter through the bloodstream. It has the fastest speed of effect.

Inhalation

Toxins enter through the lungs. It is the second fastest speed of effect.

Ingestion

Toxins enter through the G.I. track and has the slowest speed of effect.

The actual dose that a person receives depends on what?

The concentration of the chemical, the frequency of exposure, and the duration of exposure.

Formula for risk

Toxicity X exposure = duration of exposure X concentration of the agent

Sensitization

An allergic reaction to a chemical. A rash itching burning eyes or sore throat or examples.

The cause of cancer

A series mutations in a cells DNA, the latency. May take as long as 40 years.

Carcinogens

Arsenic, asbestos, benze, cadmium, chromium, estrogen therapy, ethyl alcohol, formaldehyde, Hep B & C, nickel, solar radiation, and vinyl chloride.

Risk Assessment

Provides a qualitative/quantitive estimation of the likelihood of adverse effects that may result from exposure to specified health hazards or from the absence of beneficial influences.

4 Steps to Risk Assessment

Hazard identification, Dose-Response Assessment, Exposure Assessment, Risk Characterizaction.