ecological organization (small to big)
Atom, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, species, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere
three types of ecological pyramids
biomass, energy, number
carbon nutrient cycle
carbon enters the atmosphere
carbon is absorbed by autotrophs
animals consume plants, absorbing carbon
animals/plants die, decompose, goes back to the atmosphere
nitrogen nutrient cycle
nitrogen goes from the atmosphere to soil
plants absorb nitrogen
nitrogen is converted by bacteria into nitrites/nitrates
soil controls the amount of nitrogen in plants and soil
nitrogen returns to the atmosphere
nitrogen fixation
nitrogen is assimilated into organic compounds by bacteria
elements of protein
C, H, N, O, S
elements of nucleic acid
C, H, O, N, P
saturated fat
don’t have double bonds between carbon atoms
unsaturated fat
has double bonds between carbon atoms
enzymes
proteins that are catalysts and produce certain reactions
enzyme process
substrate binds to enzyme
substrate is converted to products
products are released
3 major factors of cell theory
all living things have cells
cell is the basic unit of life
all cells come from other cells
why are viruses nonliving?
they are not made of cells - all living things are made of cells
3 structures plant cells have that animals don’t
chloroplasts
cell wall
central vacuole
functions of cell membrane
protects cell as a barrier
regulates what goes in/out of the cell
secretions and absorptions of cell
name and define
vacuole - enclosed space within the cytoplasm, usually containing fluid
vesicle
sac formed by membrane filled with liquid that transports things in/out of the cell
name and define
lysosome - break down/digest things, repair cell membrane, protect against foreign antigens
centrioles
organize microtubules
define A
lipid bilayer
define B
phospholipids - molecule that forms cell membrane. Has a hydrophilic head and two hydrophobic tails
define E
Cholesterol - stabilizes phospholipids when temperatures are too high/low
define G
Peripheral protein - a protein loosely bound to the bilayer, not embedded in it
define F
Integral protein - a protein that is permanently attached to the membrane, and extends into the hydrophobic core
define K
carbohydrates - attached to phospholipid/protein on the surface of the membrane (aids with cell recognition)
exocytosis
when molecules exit the cell in vesicles
endocytosis
when molecules enter the cell in vesicles
cellular respiration equation
6O2 + C6H12O6 = 6Co2 + 6H2O
photosynthesis
6H2O + 6CO2 = C6H12O6 + 6O2
products of light dependant reactions
ATP and NADPH
products of the calvin cycle
inorganic phosphate, ADP, NADP+, and sugars
cellular respiration uses 1 glucose molecule to make ? ATP
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lytic cycle
a virus using a host cell to make more viruses until the host cell bursts, spreading the virus
lysogenic cycle
a virus’ genome is integrated into a cell’s chromosome and be replicated in the DNA as the cell reproduces
three organs of a plant
root - carry nutrients up to the plant from soil
stem - transport nutrients to leaves/plant
leaves - produce food through photosynthesis
how do guard cells control the stomata
guard cells use osmotic pressure to open and close stomata to regulate water/solute levels in the plant
what do xylem and phloem transport?
food/minerals/water
what do the root and shoot systems include?
The reproductive system
how do plants reproduce asexually?
propagating leaves/stems
roots giving way to new plants
which parts of the plant are male or female?
female - pistil (stigma, style, ovary)
male - stamen (anther, filament)