History El Fin *gulp*

a member of the Carolingian dynasty, was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and the Emperor of the Romans from 800

Pope of Rome from 795 AD-816 AD, supported Charlemagne

Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire from 962-973. He expanded the empire through military conquests and diplomacy. He also established a strong centralized government and promoted education and the arts.

5th to the 15th century, a period characterized by feudalism, religious dominance, and cultural development. It witnessed the rise of powerful kingdoms, the spread of Christianity, the construction of magnificent cathedrals, and the flourishing of art, literature, and philosophy.

no fixed location, no towns or cities, usually survives off the land, lives in Gers

Ex-nomads that went on to brutally take control of almost all of Asia

Born in 1162, unites various clans/tribes. 1212-27-invades northern China, central Asia, southern Russia, northwestern China; divides empire into 4 khanates

Son of Genghis Khan,1229 becomes great Khan, expands empire, allowed local governments to remain, local customs and religions, brought scientists, artisans, and merchants back to Mongol capital Karakorum. Empire at its greatest, dies in 1241

1279, takes control of all of China, establishes the Yuan Dynasty. The Chinese government allowed to stay, report to Mongols, Chinese people hated Mongol rule, called them barbarians

• extended the Grand Canal, built roads, improved transportation and trade within China

• Pax Mongolia (peace, law and order) made Silk Road trade safe, encouraged foreign trade

• employed Marco Polo for 20 years

(peace, law and order) made Silk Road trade safe, encouraged foreign trade

Trade network connecting Asia, Europe, and Africa from 2nd century BCE to 18th century CE. It facilitated cultural exchange, spread of ideas, and commerce. Formally established by Han Dynasty

Mongols established a form of postal system, (Yam)

Dynasty in China that lasted from 206 B.C.E-220 C.E

Dynasty in China that lasted from 618 C.E-906 C.E

Dynasty in China that lasted from 960 C.E-1279 C.E

Dynasty in China that lasted from 1368 C.E-1644 C.E

First Han emperor, started out as peasant Became emperor in 206 BCE, ruled for 20 years Rebel leader

One of the most powerful Han emperors

• Second Tang emperor (626-649)

• Expanded the empire

• Protected Silk Roads

• Translated Buddhist texts.

Set of laws created by Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty

• Woman who made her own dynasty (Zhou)

• Used mythology, Buddhism, and prophecy to justify her rule.

First Ming emperor

• Overthrew Mongols and reclaimed China.

Second Emperor Took the name Yongle

Made conservative changes

Government, Education, Paper, Math, and Empire

Chang’an, Architecture, Visual art, and Woodblock Printing

Religion emphasizing on the Four Noble Truths, Eightfold Path, and Nirvana. It originated in ancient India and spread across Asia. Spread by the Tang dynasty

• Capital of northern Song Dynasty in 976

• 1126 - sacked by the Jurchen, using siege towers and gunpowder bombs

• Capital of the Southern Song Dynasty in 1127

• Became the largest city in the world

A Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed by Confucius emphasizing on moral values, social order, and respect for elders. It stresses on the importance of education, family, and hierarchical relationships in society.

People came from Scandinavia, traveled to Scotland, Ireland, England, Germany, France, and Spain, in search of valuable goods to steal

a state centered on the trading town of Kiev, was founded by an unknown Viking in the 800s.

Date: October 14, 1066. Place: Near Hastings, England. Who: Norman-French army led by William, Duke of Normandy vs. English army led by King Harold Godwinson. Result: Norman victory, William became King of England. Significance: End of Anglo-Saxon rule in England, beginning of Norman Conquest and Norman influence on English language and culture.

A period in 1000 when Europeans started to use money.

The Economic and social system during medieval Europe where lords owned large estates called manors. Serfs worked the land in exchange for protection and a portion of the crops.

the territory of a duke or duchess

A special boat used by the vikings that allowed them to sail on small inland rivers

The head of the Roman Catholic Church

Schools in which their teachings focused on the Christian Bible and its moral lessons

Schools located in a cathedral, that originally taught kids how to become priests and church administrators. Later prepared kids for other careers

The first document to put into writing the principle that the king and his government was not above the law.

Legal right protecting individuals from unlawful detention or imprisonment. Allows detained individuals to challenge the legality of their detention in court.

an assembly of prominent men, summoned at the will of the King once or twice a year, to deal with matters of state and law

Emperor of the Romans

strong, diverse groups of people with a common language

a Japanese school of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing the value of meditation and intuition.

Japan’s ancient religion

General of Japanese army

Wealthy Japanese land owners

The code of honor and morals developed by the Japanese samurai.

a system in which people were given land and protection by people of higher rank, and worked and fought for them in return.

the feudal military government of Japan

A Japanese cultural activity involving the ceremonial preparation and presentation of matcha, powdered green tea, the procedure of which is called temae.

the state or jurisdiction of a khan.

the first foreign-ruled dynasty in Chinese history to commandeer all of China

a postal system or supply point route messenger system extensively used and expanded by Ögedei Khan and also used by subsequent Great Khans and Khans

Effective central government, ruled by emperor and prime minister

required tests for government officials

Spread education and Buddhism

Arithmetic, algebra, geometry -> land surveying, tax collection, civil engineering, wage distribution

expanded territory through war, opened Silk Road trade routes

Cosmopolitan city

wooden buildings, curved tile roofs, towers, raised walkways, bright tiles, gardens with ponds and bridges

Blend of Korean and Japanese Buddist, artisans and poets

led to more books, wider circulation, communications revolution. Helped spread education, arts, Buddhism.

divided into “city-states”, transition away from church control / the Pope, a republic, governed by guilds (organizations of people in same field of work)

Renaissance architect who designed the dome of Florence Cathedral using innovative techniques such as a double-walled structure and herringbone brick pattern.

Inventor who developed movable type printing press in 1440s. Revolutionized printing, making books more affordable and accessible.

Period in European history from 14th to 17th century marked by a renewed interest in classical art, literature, and learning. It led to significant cultural, scientific, and political advancements, and is often considered a bridge between the Middle Ages and modernity.

Artist who painted the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel and sculpted the statue of David.

Italian Renaissance masterpiece sculpted by Michelangelo between 1501 and 1504, depicting the biblical hero David, embodies the city of Florence, symbolizing independence and strength in the perfect image of youthful beauty. .

A famous church in Vatican City. It is the largest church in the world and is known for its stunning architecture and art. It is the burial site of many popes, including Saint Peter, who the church is named after. It is a popular tourist destination and is considered a must-visit for those interested in religious history and art.

A very skilled artist from the renaissance era. Famous for many paintings such as The Last Supper and The Mona Lisa.

German Renaissance artist known for his woodcuts and engravings. He was also skilled in painting and mathematics, and his work had a significant influence on the development of European art.

Artist who painted in the High Renaissance style, known for his use of vibrant colors and idealized figures. His most famous works include "The School of Athens" and "Sistine Madonna".

A fresco by the Italian Renaissance artist Raphael. The fresco was painted between 1509 and 1511 as a part of Raphael's commission to decorate the rooms now known as the Stanze di Raffaello, in the

• “valued active participation in public life”

• “moved the focus away from a life of contemplation and prayer to one that promoted human relationships within society”

• “valued eloquent language and its ability to both persuade and delight”

A Dutch philosopher and theologian during the Renaissance. He was a leading figure in humanism and advocated for a return to the original texts of the Bible. He also wrote "The Praise of Folly," a satirical work criticizing the corruption of the Catholic Church.

The predominant form of Christianity for 1500 years, church officials interpret the Bible and teach it to worshipper, heaven (salvation) = faith + good works

giving $$ to Catholic Church is a “good work”, so you can pay to get to heaven quicker

German priest; took issue with indulgences, gatekeeping the Bible / God, 95 Theses (arguments) nailed to Church door, started Lutherism

• people read and interpret Bible for themselves

• Heaven = faith + that’s it. Just faith.

• democratically-elected clergy

A branch of Protestantism that emphasizes the sovereignty of God, predestination, and the belief in the total depravity of humanity. It was founded by John Calvin in the 16th century and became a dominant religious force in Europe and America

a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

King of England from 1509 until his death in 1547. Henry is best known for his six marriages, and his efforts to have his first marriage annulled

the established Christian church in England