runestone academy ap csp unit 3

program code that expresses an action to be carried out

-names a memory location to hold many values in a program -data abstraction (has associated data storage) -stores data in the computer's main memory (RAM) -data is volatile

gets the variable's current value whenever needed in the program

assigns or changes the value of the variable

sets a variable to a value or mathematical expression

displays variable values or values resulting from mathematical operators

values, variables, math operators, and mathematical procedures that returns (evaluates) a single value

set order of operations for expression defined by the programming language

-a symbol or function representing a math operation

allows a program to change the value of a variable

-used inside "if" statements to compare variables with values or math operators -evaluates to a Boolean value

memory organization or image file format used to store digital images

-binary digit -smallest unit of data -fewer bits does not mean less information

-compression algorithm that represents an image by the length of runs of identical pixels -lossless compression technique -used in bitmap (BMP) images

-Data compression that reduces the number of bits of transmitted or stored data -Size reduction depends on the number of bits/pixels, number of diff. colors in the image, amount of redundancy in the original data representation, and the application of the compression algorithm

-code for representing English characters as numbers -each letter assigned a number from 0 to 127.

-Data compression technique in which no data is lost i.e. RLE -Used in BMP images -Used when the quality/ability to reconstruct the image is important

-Data compression technique in which some data is lost i.e. JPEG -Greater size reduction than lossless compression -Used when minimization of data size/transmission time is important

single point in a graphic image

The type of data stored in a variable i.e. string, boolean, or list.

values that change smoothly, rather than in discrete intervals, over time (i.e. pitch and volume of music, colors of a painting, position of a runner)

-values of the analog signal at regular intervals -measured to determine the number of bits required to store each sample

-process of restructuring program code without changing its behavior -simplifies design, making it easier to read & maintain

-Organizing and encapsulating algorithms in named procedures that can be called by name -Makes program smaller, easier to read, and allows for code reuse -Form of refactoring -Allows programmers to change the internals of the procedure without needing to notify users of the change

-Written description of the function of a code segment, event, procedure, or program and how it was developed -Helps in developing and maintaining correct programs

-Non-executable block of text added to a program to provide clarification and documentation of the code -Can acknowledge code segments created collaboratively, by someone else, or by another source

-error in computer hardware or software -coined by Grace Hopper.

process of removing errors from computer software/hardware

stepping through the program line by line and carefully recording what happens to spot the error

separation of a program into independent modules that are each responsible for one aspect of the program's functionality.

bit that switches from 1 to 0 or vice versa

evenness or oddness of a number

-bit that acts on a set of binary values -added to the leftmost bit of a string of bits to ensure the number of bits are even or odd

number of 1s in the sequence add up to an even number

number of 1s in the sequence add up to an odd number

-stores multiple terms (elements) under one variable name and uses an index to number and access them in memory -data abstraction (abstract data type)

individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index

number or position of an element in a list from 1 to the length of the list (natural numbers)

Sequence of characters that can stored in variable or text

a string that is part of a longer string

putting 2 strings together to make a new string

defines a general data type that describes a collection of data without worrying about the specific implementation (i.e. list)

-Defines how other programs/web services can use it and communicate with it -Specifies how procedures in a library behave and can be used

allows people to pinpoint their geolocation (geographic location) on Earth using satellites.

-stores persistent data in the computer's long-term storage (i.e. TinyDB, Firebase)

stored data that is destroyed when exited

-stores data -tag has to be a string -value can be a number, string, or list that is stored & retrieved by their tag

-Separates the abstract properties of a data type and the concrete details of its representation -Manages complexity by giving a collection of data a name without referencing its specific details

a step-by-step procedure for solving a particular problem.

shares resources online on the Internet rather than having data be located on a personal computer

-system based on discontinuous data or events -computers are digital machines because they can distinguish between only 0's and 1's at the basic level

manipulation of analog info

process of copying data (entire file) from an online source to a personal computer

-unit of data characterization -roughly 1 million bytes (2<sup)

-one million pixels -used in reference to the resolution of a graphics device

representation of a photograph in bits

-process of representing a real-world object of phenomenon as a set of mathematical equations -process of capturing the representation of a photograph in bits -always omits information

process of reading text from paper & translating the images into a form that the computer can manipulate

-transferring of bits representing a digital photograph to a computer screen or printer -process of adding realism to computer graphics by adding 3D qualities i.e. shadows, variations in color & shade

electronic junk mail/junk newsgroup postings

the art and science of hiding information by embedding messages within other, seemingly harmless messages.

-"secret writing" -protects information by transforming it into an unreadable format.

-Data about data -Used for finding, organizing, and managing information -Increases the effective use of data or data sets by providing additional information -Allows data to be structured and organized