Psychology unit 4

A change in behavior due to experience FRQ; Examples must mention both the change in behavior & the experience that caused it.

Simple form of adaptive learning where an organism stops paying attention to stimuli that are often repeated and don't signal anything important

The learning of involuntary emotional &/or physiological reactions through involuntary association.

Founded Classical Conditioning. Used a bell, food, and salivation. The dog would get food and salivate and then would ring the bell and the dog wouldn't salivate. The dog would then be given both the bell and food at the same time. The dog makes an involuntary association and salivates to the sound of the bell.

A natural/unlearned stimulus that effects a natural/reflexive/involuntary response. Ex. Food

The natural/reflexive/involuntary reaction (emotional &/or physiological) Ex. Salivation

Prior to pairing/association, the NS does not elicit the UR or CR on its own Ex. Bell

A Stimulus that an organism has learned to associate with the unconditioned stimulus. Ex. Bell

The learned reaction (emotion &/or physiological) to the CS

9-month old albert was shown a variety of animals and items. However when a white rat was shown the experimenter would make a loud noise and Albert would become scared. Albert made the association of loud noise to the rat and is now scared of the rat. UCS-Loud noise UCR- Fear NS- White Rat CS- White rat CR- Fear.

The pairing stage NS+UCS (Food and Bell at same time)

After UCS is no longer presented, the association becomes weaker and eventually disappears(CS will no longer elicit CR)

After Extinction, one presentation of the CS elicits the CR

Stimuli similar to CS also elicit the CR

Irrational Fears

Only CS elicits the Cr

"Chain Reaction" Secondary CS can predict (through learned association) the primary CS, which predicts the UCS

NS+UCS is better than UCS+NS

best if UCS follows the NS by no more than a few seconds

Need to consistently pair the NS w/UCS & use NS to signal UCS

Increase strength of stimulus=stronger association (more quickly=Stronger)

Stimulus that becomes the CS is whatever the organism pays the most attention to

We have biological predispositions to make certain associations(e.g. nausea, pain, strong emotional responses

*Eat food + get sick= don't want to think/see/smell the food *Chemotherapy & Taste Aversions *Doesn't follow the contingency model(e.g. Timing)

Without change in behavior as a result of consequences(Associating a behavior with a consequence) good & bad

Rat is in a box with an electric grid, button, light, and food outside of the box. The current is running through the rats body and it only stops when they press the button. When they press the button the obtain food. Button pressing increases. Both PR and NR

A consequence that increases likelihood of a behavior will occur again (strengthen response)

Primary & Secondary

Naturally reinforcing, i.e. there is no learning necessary for them to be reinforcing satisfies a biological need. Ex: food and water

Adding something desirable to increase/strengthen a behavior

Removal/take away something undesirable to increase/strengthen a behavior

Learning a behavior to end an unpleasant situation/stimulus (that you are already exposed to)

Learning a behavior to prevent exposure to an unpleasant situation/stimulus

decreasing/weakening the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, by adding something undesirable

Decreasing/weakening the likelihood of a behavior occurring again, by taking away something undesirable,

Initial learning stage; when the organism recognizes the behavior & consequence (cause & effect)

Rewarding successive approximates of a desired behavior (reinforce a similar/smaller behavior as the organism gets closer and closer to the desired behavior.

Reinforcement of individual responses occurring in a sequence to form a complex behavior. (Breaking down complex tasks into parts)

Occurs if/when the consequence stops, behavior reverses.

Only a particular behavior signals/produces the consequence; can organism display a behavior in one situation but not in another; believes the consequence is only available in certain circumstances.

Similar behaviors produce the same consequence that you've figured out from experience & therefore repeat

First complete a low-probability/needed behavior, then you get to do the highly desired behavior; reinforcers exist in a hierarchy - reinforcers have different reinforcement "power"

Any activity can become a reinforcer if access is restricted, reinforces become more powerful when access is restricted

Reward is given every time the behavior occurs

Reward is given after a set number of responses. Ex: Punch Card/Loyalty Card, grade 5 essays then take a break.

Reward is given after an average/unknown/inconsistent number of response. Ex; Gambling, how many at-bats before home run.

Reward is given after a set amount of time. Ex; Paycheck every 2 weeks, Study for 1 hour then take break.

Reward is given after an average/unknown/inconsistent amount of time. Ex: Pop quizzes, waiting to see a deer while hunting

Tendency to give up any effort to control one's environment after repeated failures

Took 3 groups of rats with a maze Group 1; Regularly Reinforced, Every completion of maze gets food, faster Group 2; Never rewarded, slightly gets faster Group 3; Not rewarded till 11th day; sudden fast completion.

Learning that is not immediately evident (usually demonstrated later on)

mental representations of familiar locations

The sudden realization/understanding of a solution to a problem (a-ha!)

Learning without direct interaction, experience does not have to be our own

learning new behaviors by watching others (models) & imitating their behavior (Monkey see Monkey do)

learning new behaviors by watching the consequences of someone else behaviors.

Exposure to violence is positively correlated with violent behavior(but remember, correlation does not imply causation) One group watched something violent, one doesn't. The group shown violence demonstrated violence towards the doll. The group not shown violence demonstrated a peaceful/non-violent behavior.