unit 6-development

a branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the life span

the fertilized egg; enters a 2-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo

the developing human organism from 2 weeks after fertilization through the second month

the developing human organism from 9 weeks after conception to birth

agents (chemicals/viruses) that can reach the embryo/fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

physical/cognitive abnormalities in children caused by a pregnant women’s heavy drinking

as infants gain familiarity with repeated exposure to a stimulus, interest decreases and they look away sooner

biological growth processes that enable orderly changes in behavior (uninfluenced by experience)

fear of strangers that infants commonly display

shown in young children by their seeking closeness to the caregiver and showing distress on seperation

optimal period early in the life of an organism when exposure to certain stimuli/experiences produces normal development

a sense that the world is predictable/trustworthy; formed during infancy by experiences with responsive caregivers

process by which certain animals form strong attachments during early life

our thoughts/feelings about ourselves in answer to the question “who am i?”

parents are coercive, impose rules and expect obedience

parents are unrestraining and use little punishment

parents are both demanding and responsive, set rules but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions

mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering and communicating

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

interpreting our new experiences in terms of our existing schemas

adapting our current understandings (schemas) to incorporate new information

stage (birth to 2 years old) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities

the awareness that things continue to exist even when not seen

stage (2-7 years old) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of logic

the preoperational child’s difficulty taking another’s point of view

stage of cognitive development (7-11 years old) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about abstract concepts

principle that properties (mass, volume, number) remains the same despite changes in the forms of objects

people’s ideas about their own/others’ mental states

stage of cognitive development (12 years old) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts

process in which a more skilled learner gives help to a less skilled learner, reducing the amount of help as the less skilled learner becomes more capable

developmental disorder that involves impairments in social interaction and communication, challenges with sensory processing, and repetitive behaviors

morality is determined by consequences; rules are followed in order to avoid punishment or receive rewards

morality is determined by social rules; people make moral judgments based on the norms/expectations of their group

morality is determined by core values; people make moral judgements based on what they believe is right

transition period from childhood to adulthood

period of sexual maturation during which a person becomes capable of reproducing

features directly involved in reproduction (ovaries, testes)

features not directly concerned with reproduction (facial hair, breast size)

our sense of self

indicates who they are in terms of the groups to which they belong

the ability to form close, loving relationships

period (18-25 years old) when many are no longer adolescents but have not yet achieved full independence as adults

time where menstruation naturally stops; refers to biological changes women experience as ability to reproduce declines

study in which people of different age groups are compared with one another

research in which the same people are restudied/retested over a long period

the culturally preferred timing of social events (marriage, parenthood, retirement)

theorist associated with schema and cognitive development

theorists associated with attachment (monkeys)

theorist associated with imprinting in animals

theorist associated with attachment

theorist associated with stages of psychosocial development

theorist associated with levels of moral development

theorist associated with scaffolding/zone of proximal development

infant is uncertain about the world in which they live, and looks towards their primary caregiver for stability and consistency of care

the stage in which a child learns to be independent and make their own decisions in life (toddler)

preschoolers learn to initiate plans/ carry out tasks or they feel guilt about their efforts to be independent

child learns to be productive or becomes discouraged and feels inferior or incompetent

stage is characterized by the adolescent question of “Who am I,”; teens are conflicted with values/ideas of who they should be and what they should think

young adults struggle to form close relationships/gain the capacity for intimate love or they feel isolated

middle-aged people discover a sense of contributing to the world or they may feel a lack of purpose

an older adult reflecting on their life, feeling either satisfaction or failure

people who possess high levels of both masculine and feminine traits