Unit 1: Scientific Foundations of Psychology

________ describes the specific procedure used to determine the presence of a variable.

________ is the extent to which an instrument measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

________ trained dogs to salivate in response to the sound of a tone, demonstrating stimulus- response learning.

________ believed that early life experiences shape personality and that the unconscious is the source of desires, thoughts, and memories.

________ is consistency or repeatability.

________ founded the American Psychological Association, founded a psychology lab using introspection at Johns Hopkins University, and became its first president.

________: Numbers that summarize a set of research data obtained from a sample.

________ at the beginning of the 20th century paved the way for behaviorism, which dominated psychology in America from the 1920s to the 1960s.

________ believed that mind and body interact symmetrically (monism), knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from experience since we are born without knowledge,"a blank slate "(tabula rasa)

________ in a study should be voluntary, and not coerced or influenced as part of a grade, raise, or promotion.

________ (p) is a measure of the likelihood that the difference between groups results from a real difference between the two groups rather than from chance alone.

The ________ (APA) lists ethical principles and code of conduct for the scientific, educational, or professional roles for all psychologists.

________ used trained introspection to study the mind's structure and identify consciousness's basic elements- sensations, feelings, and images.

________: which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience.

Variance and ________ (SD) indicate the degree to which scores differ from each other and vary around the mean value for the set.

________ opposed behaviorists in Austria.

________ defended mind- body dualism (Cogito ergo sum "- I think, therefore I am) "and that what we know is innate.

________ explore the relationships between brain /nervous systems and behavior.

In a(n) ________, the researcher controls a variable and observes the response.

The model is a unifying theme in ________ drawing from and interacting with the seven approaches to explain behavior.

The ________ is the middle score when the set of data is ordered by size.

The ________ is the most frequently occurring score in a set of research data.

________ can be traced to philosophy and physiology /biology over 2, 000 years ago in ancient Greece.

________: is an in- depth examination of a specific group or single person that typically includes interviews, observations, and test scores.

________ provides a way of statistically combining the results of individual research studies to reach an overall conclusion.

________: researchers use questionnaires or interviews to ask a large number of people questions about their behaviors, thoughts, and attitudes.

________ treat people with temporary psychological crises like grief, addiction, or social issues and those with chronic psychiatric disorders.

________ focus on how a persons mental life and behavior are shaped by interactions with other people.

________ value feelings and believe people are naturally positive and growth- seeking.

In 1879, ________ founded scientific psychology by founding a laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, to study immediate conscious sensation.

________ are used to interpret data and draw conclusions.

________ explained mental disorders, personality, and motivation through unconscious internal conflicts.

________: The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond.

________ are factors with multiple values.

________ describes the spread or dispersion of scores for a set of research data or distribution.

________ studied social and environmental factors affecting cultural differences in behavior.

________- blind procedure, a research design in which neither the experimenter nor the participants know who is in the experimental group and who is in the control group.

Titchener's first graduate student and first psychology PhD was ________.

________- a line graph that replaces the bars with single points and connects the points with a line.

________, a research design in which the participants dont know which treatment group- experimental or control- they are in.

The biopsychosocial model integrates biological processes, ________, and social forces to provide a more complete picture of behavior and mental processes.

________ is now used to describe any cases when experimental participants change their behavior in the absence of any kind of experimental manipulation.

________ can be achieved by putting all the names in a hat and picking out a specified number of names, by alphabetizing the roster of enrollees and choosing every fifth name, or by using a table of random numbers to choose participants.

The mean is the ________ of the set of scores.

________ brought introspection to his Cornell University lab, analyzed consciousness into its basic elements, and investigated how they are related.

which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience

a subgroup of the population

receives the treatment

does not receive the treatment

The participants in the experimental and control groups are different individuals

Differences between the experimental group and the control group other than those resulting from the independent variable

attend the same two sessions upon which the quiz is based

The clues participants discover about the purpose of the study, including rumors they hear about the study suggesting how they should respond

The imitation pill, injection, patch, or other treatment