Soc midterm 2 vocab!

the entire set of entities to which study findings are to be generalized

a subset of a population used to study the population

a sample that has the same distribution of characteristics as the population from which it was selected

the individual members of the population whose characteristics are measured

the list of elements or sampling units from which the sample is selected.

• list all elements (roster of employees)

• a rule defining membership (area code)

units listed at each stage of a multistage sampling design. primary secondary and tertiary. ex: countries, neighborhoods, blocks, households

mathematical tool for estimating the likelihood that a statistical result derived from a probability sample is representative of the population

the difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of the population from which it was drawn

• depends on heterogeneity and sample size

INCREASE SAMPLE SIZE, ensure representative of population

1. simple random sampling

2. systematic random sampling

3. stratified random sampling

4. cluster sampling

Every element is selected on the basis of chance

• random number generator, lottery

• computer generated, random-digit dialing

Every nth case in a list is selected for inclusion in the sample, where n is the sampling interval. N= population size divided by sample size. First element selected at random between 1 and n

sample elements are selected separately and at random from population strata that are identified in advance

• reduces sampling error

• should be related to DV!

elements are selected from strata IN PROPORTION to their representation in the population

cases are selected in 2 or more stages

1. random selection of naturally occurring clusters

   2. random selection of cases within clusters

1. Availability/ convenience sampling

2. snowball sampling

3. purposive sampling

4. quota sampling

elements are selected on the basis of convenience

individuals who have agreed to participate give researcher contact info for others who would be appropriate for the study

investigator relies on his/ her judgment to select units for a purpose often because the units are representative of the population

similar to stratified random sampling but elements are chosen with convenience samples

level social life on which a research question is focused. ex: individuals, couples, families, organizations, cities, etc.

drawing conclusions about individuals with group level data

drawing conclusions about groups with individual level data

relating to or dealing with abstract, general, or universal statements or laws.

establishing that change in the IV creates change in the DV

relating to or dealing with something concrete, individual, or unique

the individual sequence of factors that create a specific outcome

1. association/ correlation

2. time order

3. nonspuriousness

data collected at one point in time

data collected at 2 or more points in time

(trend study) same population diff people

going back to the same sample and population

Event-based study: people who experience an event at the same time (can be repeated cross-sectional or panel)

a variable that creates a causal connection between the IV and DV. ex: parenthood—→work—→depression

variables that affect the nature of the relationship between the IV and DV. Ex: age moderates the effect of time-out punishments on obedience.

panel studies

USE CONTROL VARIABLES

R=random assignment

O=observation of the DV

X=treatment, IV

R X O

R O

R O X O

R O O

true experiments carried out in a natural setting.

• increases internal validity

• difficult to carry out

• less control over uniformity

• less control over compliance

true experiments conducted through a survey, each having exposure to diff textual stimuli (vignette experiments)

an experimental design with a comparison group that wasn’t created with random assignment but is comparable in critical ways to the experimental group.

O X O

O O

O1O2O3………O30 X O31……….O60

sound evidence regarding the extent to which the IV has causal influence on the DV.

1. history

2. maturation

3. testing

4. instrumentation

5. selection bias

6. differential attrition

7. expectancies of the experimental staff

8. placebo effect

• a control group with random assignment

• double blind study

• Make experience in conditions as similar as possible to fix differential attrition

extent to which experimental findings are generalizable to other settings, subject populations and time periods

caused by an interaction (moderation) between the treatment and some other feature of the experiment

 Replicate the study on a different subject pool, use a factorial survey so you can get a probability sample from population