Chapter 9: Global Change

________ is the primary source of nitrous oxide emissions.

________ have been proven to result in higher incidences of heat- related deaths caused by cardiovascular disease, heat exhaustion, heat stroke, hyperthermia, and diabetes.

________ is transmitted to elm trees by elm bark beetles — killing over half of them elm trees in the northern US.

European green crabs found their way into the San Francisco Bay area in 1989 threatening __________.

As the oceans store a large amount of heat, even small changes in these currents can have a large and lasting effect on the ________.

It forms dense mats, reducing sunlight for submerged plants and aquatic organisms, crowding out native aquatic plants, and clogging waterways and intake pipes.

They can attach to almost any hard surface—clogging water intake and discharge pipes, attaching themselves to boat hulls and docks, and even attaching to native mussels and crayfish.

The amount of energy absorbed and stored by the oceans has an important role in the rise of sea levels due to _____.

The _____ region is a large natural source of methane.

Volcanic gases that reach the ______ have a long-term effect on climate.

The movement of _______ causes volcanoes and mountains to form, which can also contribute to changes in the climate

Due to global warming, ______ have more places to breed, which increases malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever rates.

The main ice-covered landmass is ________ at the South Pole, with about 90% of the world’s ice and 70% of its freshwater.

The total surface area of glaciers worldwide has decreased _____ since the end of the 19th century.

________ threatens to inundate many coastal wetlands, threatening biota that cannot move inland due to coastal development.

As the oceans _______ more heat from the atmosphere, sea surface temperatures rise and ocean circulation patterns change.

As the oceans _____ a large amount of heat, even small changes in these currents can have a large and lasting effect on the global climate.

The world’s oceans contain more _______ than the atmosphere.

Agricultural activities, waste management, and energy use all contribute to _______ emissions.

Fertilizer use is the primary source of _________ emissions.

When sunlight strikes Earth’s surface, some of it is reflected back toward space as ________ (heat).

It absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere.

Due to ________, mosquitoes have more places to breed, which increases malaria, dengue fever, Zika virus, and yellow fever rates.

________ carry heat around the Earth.

________ can combine with oxygen molecules to form ozone.

Contains approximately 97% of the ozone in the atmosphere, and most of it lies between 9 and 25 miles (15-40 km) above Earths surface

It is closest to blue light in the visible spectrum and is the form of ultraviolet radiation that usually causes skin tanning

It causes blistering sunburns and is associated with skin cancer

It is found only in the stratosphere and is largely responsible for the formation of ozone

A belt of naturally occurring ozone gas that sits between 9 and 19 miles (15-30 km) above Earth and serves as a shield from the harmful ultraviolet B radiation emitted by the sun

A highly reactive molecule and is constantly being formed and broken down in the stratosphere

These are nonflammable chemicals that contain atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine

These are organic chemical molecules that are composed of at least one carbon atom with one or more halogen atoms; the most common halogens are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine

Mostly comes from the management of agricultural soils

On-site energy generation and burning fuels for heat in buildings or cooking in homes

The burning of coal, natural gas, and oil for electricity and heat is the largest single source of global greenhouse gas emissions

Primarily involves fossil fuels burned on-site at facilities for energy; cement manufacturing also contributes significant amounts of CO2 gas

It includes deforestation of old-growth forests (carbon sinks), land clearing for agriculture, strip-mining, fires, and the decay of peat soils

It involves fossil fuels that are burned for road, rail, air, and marine transportation

Landfill and wastewater methane (CH4), and incineration as a method of waste management

It is an important heat-trapping (greenhouse) gas, and is released through human activities such as deforestation and burning fossil fuels, as well as natural processes such as respiration and volcanic eruptions

Industrial processes, refrigeration, and the use of a variety of consumer products all contribute to this gases, which include hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)

It is a solid particle or aerosol, not a gas, but it also contributes to the warming of the atmosphere

It occurs when atmospheric carbon dioxide reacts with seawater to form carbonic acid,

A plan created by the United Nations to reduce the effects of climate change, which results in a reduction in the pH of ocean water over an extended period of time

An international treaty designed to phase out the production of substances that are responsible for ozone depletion

It deals with greenhouse gas emissions and mitigation

The ability to survive in changing environmental conditions

The process by which an individual organism adjusts to a gradual change in its environment allowing it to maintain performance across a range of environmental conditions

These are animals and plants that are transported to any area where they do not naturally live

A species considered to be facing a very high risk of extinction in the wild