Art History

### prelude

* growth in instrumental music just means more was being written down
* music without voices was now more often deemed worthy of preservation and dissemination in written form
* independence from vocal music
  * new instruments
  * more styles idiomatic to instruments rather than voice


Instrumental Music Grows Up

### prelude

* musical life in the early classic period reflected the international culture that spread throughout europe during the enlightenment
* shared humanity mattered more than national and linguistic differences so the ideal musical style was made up of the best features from all nations
* g

Vocal Music in Two Worlds

# the early christian church and secular song

### the early Christian church: musical thought

__roman music:__

* lyric poetry often song
* music part of most public ceremonies
* greek architecture, music, and philosophy imported into rome

roman empire decline:

* Christian church gained influenc

The Early Christian Church and Secular Song

# madrigals: music for fun

### prelude

* 16th century musicians participated in a new flowering of national styles
* printing press helped amateurs to sing for their own pleasure, further encouraging the growth of national styles
* music could be sold as a commodity for the first time, served as a

Madrigals: Music for Fun

# music in the fifteenth century

### prelude

* strong english presence in france
  * english victories during war
* england won the hundred years' war and brought governmental and military personnel, as well as composers and musicians for mass and secular entertainment
* english music spread and m

Music in the Fifteenth Century

##  prelude

* from 1600 to 1750 composers adhered to an innovative set of conventions for organizing music, believed that music should move the listener
* italians devised new idioms, styles and genres, creating a deliberate cultivation of the new
* italy remained the most influential region of eur

The Invention of Opera

### prelude

* venice was the primary centre for opera
* german imported venetian opera and fused styles to make german opera
* france developed an operatic idiom
* english monarchy and treasury were too weak to support opera
* vocal chamber and church music flourished
* italy vs france clash - too 

Star Power: Opera and Musical Theatre

# josquin and friends

### prelude

* musical renaissance spread from the low countries to other areas of western europe
* desprez was the most renowned composer of the 1500s

### northern composers: the generation after du fay

__ockeghem:__

* had a reputation in italy
* wrote 13 masses, each with

Josquin and Friends

### italy

venice:

* venice was still the most glamorous center in europe
* public festivals, st. mark's
* orphanages became musical centers
  * gave musical opportunities to women
  * boys' conservatories created great composers and singers

concerto:

* most important type of baroque instrumental

High Baroque

# going for baroque

### prelude

* 1600-1750
  * 1600 was the death of bach
* flamboyant, theatrical, and expressive tendencies of seventeenth century art and architecture
* “long” seventeenth century expands the normal chronological boundaries of a single century-long time period
* diversity of st

Going For Baroque

# instrumental music shows up

### prelude

* rise of instrumental music in the renaissance governed by
  * exploitation of compositional styles and genres idiomatic to the instruments and independent of vocal music
  * reliance on preexisting vocal genres
* categories of emerging instrumental music

Instrumental Music Shows Up

# early polyphony

### prelude

* increase in trading and commerce throughout western europe as cities began to be built
* first crusade united Christian ruling families from all over europe in a successful campaign to drive the turks out of jerusalem
* **1050-1300:** economic growth, cultural reviv

Early Polyphony

# france, italy, and late medieval music

## prelude

* hundred years war prolonged an economic decline initially caused by bad weather, famine and floods
* black death
* peasant revolts and urban rebellions - authority of the church was being questioned
  * popes resided in avignon, france and live

France, Italy, and Late Medieval Music

### prelude

* religious differences continued to echo in 17th century music
* new genres were created and spread

### vocal chamber music

* chamber music for mixed voices and instruments remained the standard fare for private musicmaking
* italians used basso continuo for thousands of pieces
* con

Vocal Music at Home and at Church

# the reformation and the counter reformation

### prelude

* reformation was started by martin luther in 1517
  * individualism
  * anti hierarchical
  * humanism
  * disapproval about the fancy, excessive liturgy that nobody could understand or connect to
  * discontentment around how worldly the 

The Reformation and Counter-Reformation

# chant and monastic life

### prelude

* sacred repertory (**plainchant**) was created for ceremonial use and served as a principal element of public worship in the western Christian church, essentially a musical prayer
* non-sacred songs (**secular monody**) were courtly and elite or popular and t

Chant and Monastic Life

# art in the medieval era: a speedrun

### timeline

* first phase
  * earliest surviving manuscript of music
  * gregorian chant becomes mandatory in western Christian churches
  * **charlemagne crowned emperor -** **800**
* second phase
  * gothic cathedrals built
  * universities founded
  * notr

Art in the Medieval Era: A Speedrun

# welcome to the renaissance

### prelude

* no single event started the renaissance

### europe in the renaissance

* fifteenth and sixteenth centuries included the end of the hundred years' war, fall of constantinople to the ottoman turks (end of the byzantine empire), rise of western europe as a 

Welcome to the Renaissance

### intro

* history of this century is a long, lively, leisurely argument about older and newer styles
* older 18th century - late baroque styles of bach, handel, etc
* newer 18th century - age of reason/enlightenment, classic era
* **classical** - later 18th century composers such as haydn, mozart

From Baroque to Classical

* europe was a mishmash at this point in time
* italy was divided into a northern and southern region
  * florence is in the north and the major center for arts and culture
  * rome and naples were big in the south
* spain was in southern italy for like 200 years and it destroyed the economy, so flo