2.1-Silk Roads Period 1: 1200-1450 14th and 15th Centuries - Demand for luxury goods increased in Europe - Chinese, Persian, and Indian artisans expanded production Causes of the Growth of Exchange Networks - Crusades-knights brought back fabrics and spices from the East - China was eager for European gold and silver, Europe excited for silk, tea, First Golden Age-ended after the collapse of classical civilizations such as Rome and Han Second Gold Age-land routes and sea routes were revived by Arab merchants from the Abbasid Empire -Tang China-compass, paper, gunpowder - Imported cotton, stones, pomegranates, dates, horses, and grapes - Exported porcelain, tea, and silk Mongol Impact - Mongols captured the Abbasid Caliphate in 1258 - China in the 14th Century - Parts of the Silk Roads were formerly under the authority of different rulers - The Mongols unified them under a system - More safety on roads - Improved roads and punished bandits - New trade channels in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe Improvements in Transportation - Caravans-travel with people, increased safety - Saddles for camels-animals could carry more weight - Advances in naval technology-sea routes in South China sea - Magnetic compass, rudder-aid navigation and ship control - Chinese junk boat Effects of the Growth of Exchange Networks - Cities and oases - Inhospitable terrain-hot, arid lands were water was scarce - Thriving centers of trade = areas by rivers - Kashgar-good crops and textiles, Islamic scholarship - Samarkand-Zeravshan River, goods, and diverse religions Caravanserai-inns 100 miles apart - Travelers and animals could rest Commercial Innovations - China = money economy - Flying cash-credit system - Banking houses in European Cities - Bill of Exchange - Hanseatic League-controlled trade North in the Baltic Sea - Drove out pirates, monopolized trade of timber, grain, leather, and fish Heimler’s History-2.1 China ------> Europe ------> North Africa Silk Roads worked best when large empires controlled the land - Roman Empire, Han China - Mongol Rule Camel Caravans carried goods - The transportation of luxury goods were expensive Conduit for Culture - Ex. Buddhist Merchants - Mahayana Buddhism developed Spread of Diseases - Spread to civilizations with immunity - Bubonic Plague Crash Course-Silk Roads Two routes - Eastern Mediterranean --------> Central Asia - Central Asia --------> China **sea routes Travelers moved back and forth between towns to sell to traders to take goods further toward their destination Merchant class-political clout - Tension between wealth and politics Silk Roads Impacts - Economic impact - Silk demand grew so people chose silk production as a job - Ideas traded - Spread of Buddhism-grew and flourished - Monasteries - Spread of disease-Black Death Vikings, Mongols, and the Black Death PPT. Vikings and Mongols-nomadic Mongols-raid and trade, skilled horse riders, selective killings Vikings-good on boates, raids Viking Age - Longships -----> rivers to raid local areas, expert sailors **conquer - Raided religious (Christain) sites ------> almost wiped Christianity - Settled in Vinland in North America - Legacy: forced Europeans to adopt the feudal system, spurred trade throughout Europe and the Mediterranean, helped spread the Bubonic Plague Mongols - Genghis Khan-united the Mongols and Turkic tribes - Conquered China, Persia, the Abbasid Caliphate, Central Asia, Kiev - Rewarded people with land and new resources to conquer - Bows and horses - Used the technology and defeated populations to continue their conquest - Kublai Khan-defeated the Song Dynasty to establish the Yuan Dynasty - Silk Roads under one empire, safer merchants - “Pay your taxes, be good for trade, or you die” - Golden Horde, II-Khanate, and Great Khanate - taxes= tributes - People used human shields, soldiers, and slaves - Division of the Mongol empire - Disagreement among Genghis Khan’s grandsons - Legacy-reinvigorated the Silk Roads, enhancing world trade, spread of technology and disease - No religion-prioritized taxes and trade Black Death - Yersinia BActeria - 1347 Plague-Byzantine, Italian city-states, Middle East - Urban areas - Labor shortage, no city life, more jobs for women - Apocalyptic tone, death and despair - End of Silk Roads Europeans desired to find their own path to China - Very religious, anti-Islam 2.2-The Mongols Mongols-chaos, destruction, interregional connection Clans of pastoral nomads-hundred and foragers - Gobi Deserts-arid steppes, shaped Mongol culture - Everyone became skilled horse riders and valued hunting and warfare - Easy access to luxury goods Genghis Khan - Ruthless, elected king - Brutally killed resistors-civilizations wiped out after defeating armies - Some leaders surrendered before the attack - Khanate (kingdom)= North China Sea ------> Eastern Persia - Skilled and fearsome soldiers, efficient command structure - Surprise and craftful strategies - Refusing to surrender - Aristocrats were killed, skilled workers were recruited - Weapons and tech from conquered armies were used by the Mongols Pax Mongolica - Capital of empire-Karakorum - Established government-consulted Chinese or Muslim scholars and eingineers - Religious tolerance, safer Silk Roads, new trade channels - Survivors of the conquests and descendants benefited Batu’s Army-Golden Horde - Conquered small Russian Kingdoms and forced them to pay tributes - Poor Kiev - Was going to conquer Western Europe, but stopped to attend a funeral and lost interest -Indirect rule in Russia-tributes - Moscow-extra tributes because of rebellions (anti-Mongol coalition) - Battle of Kulikovo-Mongols lose - Russia’s military was improved and had centralized leadership Hulegu-Southwest region - Destroyed Baghdad-killed Caliph and residents - Defeated by Mamluks/Crusaders in Palestine - II-Khanate-converted to Islam - Persians-provincial/local officials - Max. tax collection Kublai Khan - Captured China and established the Yuan Dynasty - Rebuilt Zongdu-----> Dadu - Chinese people initially enjoyed Mongol rule because of the cultural exchange and improved trade -Alienated the chinese, foreigners in the government, dismantling of the civil service exam -Failed to expand to beyond China - Zhu Yuanzang-planned the revolt against the Yuan Dynasty, established the Ming Dynasty -White Lotus Society - Timur the Lame-conquered Mongolian Central Asian territory Heimler’s History-2.2 The Mongols-largest land-based empire with a small cultural footprint Temujin------> Genghis Khan - Brutality with enemies - Incorporated in his tribe More conquered land = more sources Tolerant of religion China - Southern China-accommodating to the locals - Landowners could keep their land - Unification of China under the Yuan Dynasty Persia - Abrupt - Conquered and slaughtered the Persians - Mongols converted to Muslim - Killed 200,000 people in Baghdad 2.3-Exchange in the Indian Ocean Muhammad encouraged Muslims to travel - House of Islam-North Africa --------> South Asia Indian Ocean = economic hotspot Spread of Islam - Connected cities - Muslims and Persians = dominant seafarers - Goods to port cities across the Indian Ocean - Calicut and Cambay-thriving trade centers - Spices --------> wealth and prominent - Muslim and Chinese merchants Specialized Products - India-cotton, steel, tanned leather, stonework - Malaysia/Indonesia-spices - Swahilli Coast-slaves, ivory, and gold - Southwest Asia-horses, figs, dates East Africa sent slaves to North Africa, the Middle East, and India The Indian Ocean Slave Trade spread African words, music, and customs Environmental Knowledge - Monsoons forced sailors to time travel voyages carefully - Lateen Sail-caught the wind in different directions, made by Arabs - Stern Rudders-more stability, made by the Chinese - Wooden Dhows made Arab and Indian sailors dominant Trade facilitated the spread of sea-related technology - Astrolabe-how far North or South sailors are from the equator Growth of States - Malacca-wealth from charging ships passing through the Strait of Malacca - Inlet used to travel between Indian and Chinese ports - Prosperity = trade - Portugese-great wealth from invading Malacca - Merchants diversified routes Effects of Expanded Exchange in the Indian Ocean - Diasporic communities-merchants interact with surrounding cultures - Intermarriage, settlers introduced own culture - More demand = more production - More trade - Swahili City-States thrived Cultural Exchange - Knowledge, technology, commerce, religion - Zheng He’s voyages-display Ming power, got tributes - Markets for goods Crash Course-Indian Ocean Trade routes to connect cities Wide range resources/imported needs Monsoons-winds bring rain - Predictable -------> lower risk - More people were willing to trade with there being less of a risk Muslims merchanted dominated Peaceful trade, minus the pirates Bulk goods could be traded on the Indian Ocean 2.4-Trans-Saharan Trade Routes Sahara Desert-arid, so there is no farming - Commerce expanded because of the merchants, traders, and caravans Africa traded gold, ivory, and enslaved people Arabs traded salt, cloth, papers, horses, and spread Islam Trade - Oases across the fertile land - Camels carried goods and travelers in caravans - Different types of saddles for different uses Routes - Seven from North the South, Two from East to South - Ghani and Mali = wealth Mali - Profited from gold and taxed other trade - Timbuktu and Gao = most wealth, Islam Growth of trade = need to maintain - Protect trade routes, currency was ade, resources produced - People were in touch with distant cultures Crash Course-Mansa Musa Mansa Musa of Mali - 1324-went to Mecca with 1,000 people, camel-loads of gold to give riches away Merchants in Venice-tales of his wealth - Europeans think that Africa is a gold mine Islam - North Africans (berbers) traded with West Africa - Salt for gold 2.5-Cultural Consequences of Connectivity Religion-unified people or provided justification for kingdom’s leadership - Literary and artistic culture - Technological Buddhism - Syncretism-Zen/Chan Buddhism - Printing = more scripture Japan and Korea ------> Buddhism and Confucianism NeoConfucianism-rational thought and abstract ideas **Majapahit Kingdom on Java **Sri Lanka-center of Buddhist study Srivijaya Empire on Sumatra-Hindu Khmer Empire (Angkor)-Hindu and Buddhist Islam - Africa-Swahili-Arabic and Bantu - South Asia-lower caste converted - Southeast Asia-syncretism (Chinese Buddhism and Confucianism) Science and Technology - Greek-Arabic - Math - Papermarking - Medicine 2.6-Environmental Consequences Agriculture - Champa Rice = quick ripening, weather resistance - Increased the Chinese population - Bananas from Indonesia went to Sub-Saharan Africa - Cotton, sugar, and citrus fruits from the Arab world **pressure on resources **overgrazing forced people to abandon the land 2.7-Comparison of Economic Exchange Silk Roads-luxury goods Indian Ocean-goods too heavy for trade on land Trans-Saharan-Salt from North Africa and Gold from South Africa Origins -Empires expand = safer to trade Purpose-economics, trade both ways of life and land Effects-centralization, standardized currency that is unique to city-states - Production increased as demand increased - Labor-more slaves - Kinship ties Women - Mongol women had more freedom, European women were farmers and artisans Spread of the plague Political instability, increased agriculture Developed educational centers In-Class Review Mongols-largest land empire Three Trade Routes-Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Tran-Saharan Mongols-unified the Silk Roads - Conquered Song China - Came from a steppe climate - Horseback and archery = military advantages - Protected merchants and connected cities/roads - Religious tolerance/freedom Bubonic Plague - Spread and was worsened by the lack of medical of knowledge and merchants interaction -Population growth, insanitation End of voyages of the Ming Dynasty - Change in leadership-domestic policies and to prevent invasions Chinese technology-magnetic compass, papermaking, gunpowder Spread of gunpowder = Mongols Golden Horde = Russia West Africa and Swahili Coast = contact with Islam/Arabs - Center of Islamic learning = Timbuktu 3 religions spread to Southeast Asia through trade-Hinduism, Islam, Buddhism Mongols set up the Yuan Dynasty in China Increase of Indian Ocean trade-knowledge of monsoons Kublai Khan-defeated Song China Enabled trade across the Trans-Saharan Trade Routes-camel caravans/saddles and oases Mongol-religious tolerance Stephanie Gorges-Unit 2 Review Context - decentralized/feudal Europe - Bzyantine Empire-control of Constantinople - Declining Abbasid - Song China Similarities and Differences between the trade routes Silk Roads - China ------> Middle East --------> Europe - 1200-Song Dynasty - East-West land routes - More commercialization = more trade = new trade cities - Kashgar, Samarkand - Growth from trade - Cities were rest points or spots to buy and sell goods - Increased demand for luxury goods = increased production Goods Religion Technology porcelain Buddhism (India to China) saddles gunpowder stirrups rice caravanserai tea Paper money Olive oil Persian rugs silk - Trade-law of Supply and Demand - New products for demand = high price when low supply and low price at high supply Indian Ocean Networks - Swahili (East), Great Zimbabwe, Arabian Peninsula, South East Asia, Song China -Products and goods too heavy for land were traded - Traveling with the monsoons was good - Pushed ships to India in the summer and towards Africa in the winter Goods Religion Technology spices Buddhism/Hindu Compass From India to Southeast Asia iron Islam to Southeast Asia Astrolabe ivory Monsoons Animal skins Junk ships silk Dhow ships porcelain Trans-Saharan Routes - Sahara (North Africa) to West Africa to the Middle East - East-West land routes - Sahara-dry and arid - Camels = good, caravans made trade possible - TImbuktu-center of Islamic learning - Malacca Goods Religion Technology salt Islam Caravans Middle East to West Africa gold Saddles cloth ivory Mansa Musa-rich - Egypt to Mecca - Gold, technology, Islam Impacts - Spread of religion-Islam, Hindusim, Buddhism - Christianity - Spread of technology-gunpowder - Spread of travelers and knowledge-academic works from the Middle East to Europe - Crops-new regions, increased populations - Disease-bubonic plague Mongol Empire-largest land empire - Genghis Khan - Khanates-China, Russia, the Middle East China - Yuan Dynasty established by Kublai Khan - Claimed the Mandate of Heaven - Religious tolerance - Expanded infrastructure - Outsiders were leaders Middle East - Pax Mongolica-peace - Death of Caliph al Mustaqim - Persians were in government positions - Overgrazing of land - Conversions to Islam Russia - Golden Horde - Geography was bad for nomads = indirect rule in Russia - Tributes and taxes from princes Heimler’s History-Unit 2 Review Silk Roads, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan Silk Roads-China ------> Europe Indian Ocean-East Asia ------> East Africa Trans-Saharan-North Africa ------> Mediterranean Similarities - Best when established by large stats - New technologies - Primary purpose was to trade - Consequences-exchanges of culture and religion - New crops -------> new regions - Growth of trade cities Differences-goods, religion, technology Goods Technology Religion Silk Roads Silk, porcelain, Saddles, caravanserai gunpowder, horses, textiles Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, Islam Indian Ocean Gold, ivory, fruit, textiles, Astrolabe, magnetic pepper, rice compass, stern pose, Christianity, Buddhism, Neo-Confucianism, Islam rudder, lateen sail Trans-Saharan Horses, salt, gold, slaves Saddles Islam Cultural Consequences - Innovations of Buddhism (China to Korea, Japan, and Vietnam) - African Bantu-Islam = Swahili language - Imaginations to distant lands Environmental Consequences - Disease-the Plague - China to AfroEurasia via trade Mongols - 1209-established largest land-based empire - Genghis Khan-fierce and brutal - Pax Mongolica-Peace of the Mongol - More security, safer trade - Centralization of power