African Slave Trade

African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America, in America they would work in mines & plantations. The profit went to europe where they built goods to then be sold to Africans. It was a triangle.

Anne Hutchinson

A woman who was well learned that disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.

Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

Barbados

British West Indies colony whose plantation system and harsh slave codes became the model for Southern colonies in North America

divine right

the idea that monarchs are God's representatives on earth and are therefore answerable only to God.

Dutch West India Company

Trading company chartered by the Dutch government to conduct its merchants' trade in the Americas and Africa.

enclosure movement

The process of consolidating small landholdings into a smaller number of larger farms in England during the eighteenth century.

Fundamental Constitution of Carolina

Issued by the proprietors of Carolina in 1669, who aimed to create a feudal society composed of nobles, serfs, and slaves. Four-fifths of the land was owned by the planters. Colonial leaders established an elected assembly and a headright system to attract immigrants, who were allowed to own the remaining land. It allowed for religious tolerance, both for Christian dissenters and Jewish people.

George Calvert

English noble who while Catholic, was also loyal to the crown. He received Maryland as a refuge for Catholics he is also known as the first Lord Baltimore

Glorious Revolution

Political events of 1688-1689, when James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange.

headright system

The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land

Indentured Servants

Immigrants who received passage to America in exchange for a fixed term of labor

Iroquois League

A political confederation of five northeastern Native American nations of the Seneca, Oneida, Mohawk, Cayuga, and Onondaga that made decisions concerning war and peace.

James E. Oglethorpe

A British general, Member of Parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World.

John Winthrop

As governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, Winthrop (1588-1649) was instrumental in forming the colony's government and shaping its legislative policy. He envisioned the colony, centered in present-day Boston, as a "city upon a hill" from which Puritans would spread religious righteousness throughout the world.

joint stock companies

businesses formed by groups of people who jointly make an investment and share in the profits and losses when building the English colonies

King Philip's War

1675. longest and bloodiest conflict between settlers and natives in 17th century, native Wampanoags under Metacom resisted England encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers in Mass, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them

Massachusetts Bay Colony

One of the first settlements in New England; established in 1630 and became a major Puritan colony. Became the state of Massachusetts, originally where Boston is located. It was a major trading center, and absorbed the Plymouth community

Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

Oliver Cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Pequot War

1637 The Bay colonists wanted to claim Connecticut for themselves but it belonged to the Pequot. The colonists burned down their village and 400 were killed.

Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

Pilgrims

Group of English Protestant dissenters who established Plymouth Colony in Massachusetts in 1620 to seek religious freedom after having lived briefly in the Netherlands.

Plymouth Plantation

site of the first Thanksgiving in 1621. the first permanent European settlement in southern New England. Separatists were here.

Pocahontas

a Powhatan woman (the daughter of Powhatan) who befriended the English at Jamestown and is said to have saved Captain John Smith's life (1595-1617)

Powhatan Confederacy

Group of Native Americans who traded with John Smith. The confederacy gets its name from its leader, Chief Powhatan.

proprietary colony

a colony owned and ruled by one person who was chosen by a king or queen

Quakers

English dissenters who broke from Church of England, preache a doctrine of pacificism, inner divinity, and social equity, under William Penn they founded Pennsylvania

Roger Williams

A dissenter who clashed with the Massachusetts Puritans over separation of church and state and was banished in 1636, after which he founded the colony of Rhode Island to the south

royal colonies

Colonies controlled by the British king through governors appointed by him and through the king's veto power over colonial laws.

Separatists

Small group of Puritans who sought to break away entirely from the Church of England; after initially settling in Holland, a number of English Separatists made their way to Plymouth Bay, Massachusetts in 1620.

Thomas Gates

Deputy Governor of Jamestown in 1609; arrived in 1610 and evacuated the survivors of the starving time; met de la Warr on his way down the James River; continued to govern Jamestown with Thomas Dale after de la Warr left

tobacco

Cash crop that made a profit and saved Jamestown

Toleration Act

1689 law passed by Parliament granting some religious freedoms to dissenting Protestants who had broken away from the Anglican Church. However, this prohibited them from holding public office.

Tuscarora War

1711, Carolinas, Tuscarora Indians tire of British abuse and rise up but are put down by the British (with the help of the Cherokee Indians). Many of the Tuscarora are later used as slaves.

Virginia Colony

This colony got a charter, or right to organize a settlement in 1606. Jamestown was the first town in this new colony.

Wiliam Berkeley

first colonial governor of Virginia

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Yamasee War

A series of attacks from 1715-1716 led by Catawbas, Creeks, and other Indian allies on English trading houses and settlements. Only by enlisting the aid of the Cherokee Indians, and allowing four hundred slaves to bear arms, did the colony crush the uprising.

John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

New England Colonies

The term for the colonies of Massachusetts bay, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire

Puritans

A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.

Southern Colonies

Made money by having slaves grow cash crops on plantations due to rich soil and warm climate.

Squanto

Native American who helped the English colonists in Massachusetts develop agricultural techniques and served as an interpreter between the colonists and the Wampanoag.

Thomas Hooker

A Puritan minister who led about 100 settlers out of Massachusetts Bay to Connecticut because he believed that the governor and other officials had too much power. He wanted to set up a colony in Connecticut with strict limits on government.

Wampanoags

tribe whose chief, Metacom, known to the colonies as King Phillip, united many tribes in southern New England against the English settlers