<h1>AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use</h1>Tragedy of the Commons<ul><li>suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self interest rather than keeping with the common good, resulting in resource depletion</li><li>&quot;area used by everyone but regulated by no one&quot;</li></ul>&nbsp;Agricultural Practices<ul><li>agricultural practices that can cause environmental damage include tilling, slash-and-burn farming, irrigation, and the use of fertilizers</li><li>clearcutting - economically advantageous but leads to soil erosion, increased soil and water temperatures, flooding</li></ul>The Green Revolution<ul><li>The Green Revolution started a shift to new agricultural strategies and practices in order to produce food production</li><li>mechanization&nbsp;- pros: efficient $, easy cons: fossil fuel uses, combustion, extraction</li><li>monoculture -&nbsp;pros: easy, fertilizer, same pests cons: 1 plant type, loss of biodiversity, habitat, genetics</li><li>artificial fertilizer - pros: high yield, easy cons: runoff, eutrophication</li><li>artificial pesticide&nbsp;- pros: high yield, easy cons: health, evolution of pests</li><li>irrigation - pros: maximum yield, customize cons: deplete freshwater</li></ul>Irrigation Methods<ul><li>the largest human use of freshwater is for irrigation</li><li>flood irrigation - involves flooding an agricultural field with water, about 20% of the water lost to evaporation and runoff</li><li>furrow irrigation&nbsp;- involves cutting furrows between crop rows and filling them with water, inexpensive about ⅓ of the water is lost&nbsp;</li><li>spray irrigation&nbsp;- involves&nbsp;pumping groundwater into spray nozzles across an agricultural field, only &frac14; or less of the water lost to evaporation or runoff, more expensive and requires more energy to run</li><li>drip irrigation - uses perforated hoses to release small amounts of water to plant roots, only about 5% of the water lost, this system is expensive and so is not often used</li></ul>Pest Control Methods<ul><li>a consequence&nbsp;of using common pest-control methods such as pesticides is that organisms can become resistant to them&nbsp;</li><li>crops can be genetically engineered to increase their resistance to pests and disease, using genetically modified crops, this can lead to loss of genetic diversity</li></ul>Integrated Pest Management<ul><li>integrated pest management - combination of methods used to effectively control pest species while minimizing the disruption to the environment</li><li>biological - introduction of natural pest predators</li><li>physical - barriers that protect crops</li><li>chemical - poison that kills pests</li><li>crop rotation and intercropping</li></ul>Meat Production<ul><li>it takes approximately 20 times more land to produce the same amount of calories from meat as from plants</li><li>CAFOs&nbsp;- concentrated animal feeding operations</li><li>pros:&nbsp;less expensive than other methods, which can keep costs to consumers down</li><li>cons: tend to be crowded, animals are fed grains, feedlots generate a large amount of organic waste can contaminate ground and surface water</li><li>free range grazing&nbsp;- animals have access&nbsp;to pasture&nbsp;&nbsp;all the time</li><li>rotational grazing&nbsp;-&nbsp;where grassland is sequentially grazed and then rested to allow vegetation&nbsp;recovery</li><li>pros: allows animals to graze on grass during their entire lifecycle, tends to be free from antibiotics,.organic waste from animals acts as fertilizer</li><li>cons: requires large areas of land, meat produced is more expensive for consumers</li><li>overgrazing - occurs when too many animals over graze a particular area of land, can lead to soil erosion</li><li>consuming less meat can reduce CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions</li></ul>Aquaculture&nbsp;<ul><li>pros:&nbsp;highly efficient, requires only small areas of water, and requires little fuel</li><li>cons: &nbsp;fish that escape can compete or breed with wild fish, disease incidences, wastewater</li></ul>Sustainable Agriculture<ul><li>contour plowing - follows the natural contours of the land when plowing to reduce environmental impact</li><li>windbreaks - style using trees to be placed around the crops. This prevents winds from eroding the soil</li><li>perennial crops - plants that live for multiple years</li><li>terracing - technique for farming that builds platforms on hills to reduce erosion</li><li>no-till agriculture - agricultural method in which farmers do not turn the soil between seasons&nbsp;</li><li>strip cropping - cultivation in which different crops are sown in alternate strips to prevent soil erosion</li><li>adding&nbsp;limestone balances acidic soils</li></ul>Sustainable Forestry<ul><li>methods for mitigating deforestation include reforestation, buying wood harvested using sustainable forestry techniques, and reusing wood</li><li>prescribed burns&nbsp;- forests are set on fire under controlled conditions in order to reduce the occurrence of natural fires</li></ul>

Environmental Science

<h1>AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use</h1>Tragedy of the Commons<ul><li>suggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self interest rather than keepi

AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use

Alyssa Su

View the note AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water Use: AP Environmental Science: Unit 5 Review - Land and water UseTragedy of the Commonssuggests that individuals will use shared resources in their own self interest rather than keeping with the common good, resulting in resource...