1.1-Developments in East Asia Period 1: 1200 CE-1450 CE Tang China - Imperial state system, unified central government - Drought-resistant Champa rice = population growth - anti-buddhism - It was a foreign religion/policy - Needed funds to expand - Edicts on Buddhism-demanded that the monasteries pay extra taxes and destroy idols Song China - Neo-Confucianism-reinstated fundamentals of patriarchy, education, moral examples, and rituals to maintain social harmony - Imperial Bureaucracy-educational opportunities were extended to the men of lower classes so that they could pass civil service exams. This increased the number of jobs in the bureaucracy -Meritocracy-positions were obtained by demonstrating merit Increased economy= trade + tributes + agriculture + taxes - Trade-artisans made products such as silk and porcelain to trade - Tributes-outsiders had to provide gifts for the emperor - Agriculture= innovative methods increased productivity and population - Taxes-people were paid for public projects Social Classes 1. Scholar Gentry 2. Farmers 3. Aristans 4. Merchants Women were restricted compared to men **foot binding Commercialization-steel/iron industries **led to deforestation Protectorate Tribute States-tributes given in exchange for protection and continued trade -Japan, Champa, etc. Japan-Heian Period - Clans = powerful landowners - Minamoto Clan= established the Shogun Korea - Centralized government - Buddhism and Confucianism - Powerful aristocracy - Adopted Chinese writing Vietnam - Nuclear family structure - Had military conflict with China - Women had more freedom than in China Heimler’s History-1.1 China = Texas of the ancient world - China was made up of regional kingdoms during the Tang Dynasty Zhoa Kuangyin-unified all the kingdoms and created the Song Dynasty Song Emperors-built state structure - Personnel - Finance - Rites - Army - Justice - Public works Confucianism-continuity - Hierarchical - People have a place in society Civil Service Exam-a test people had to take to work in the imperial bureaucracy Commercialization-merchants traveled to Afro-Eurasia to buy/sell items -Traveled to and traded in distant markets - Manufacturing increased to create a strong iron industry - Economic growth = paper money Gunpowder = military use Japan-influenced by Chinese culture - Tried to resist influence, failed Chinese was influenced by Buddhism - Mahayana Buddhism (Vietnamese) Population + Agricultural Base + Manufacturing = Increased Wealth Language + Confucianism + Culture = Unity 1.2-Empire Building / Dar-al-Islam Islam spread through merchants, missionaries, and military actions Baghdad = House of Wisdom Mamluks were slaves recruited by Egypt to serve as soldiers or government officials -Mamluk Sultanate Seljuk Turks captured part of the Middle East - Caliphs lost power, Sultan was established Crusaders were Christains that traveled in and around Jerusalem Mongols-pushed the Seljuk Turks out of Bagdad - Conquered what was left of the Abbasid Empire India - Islam was brought by Turkic Invaders through military action - Destruction of Hindu and Buddhist empires and temples - Sufis embraced “popular” Islam by overlapping it with Hinduism **syncretism West Africa - Spread of Islam was peaceful because West Africans converted voluntarily -Trade with literate officials - mosques/libraries were built - Swahilli = Arabic + Bantu - Little effort to impose Islam Spain - Some Christains converted, others forced the Muslims out Cultural innovations = mathematics, medicine, science, poetry, logic, ethics, and philosophy Slavery - Africa-converted to Islam after they were considered free - Children were “free” -slavery was not “inherited” - Could not slave Muslims, Jews, Christans, or Zoastrians Women - Muslim women had more independence than Christains or Jews - Enslaved women had some independence, more than legal wives - Dowries-payments men had to make to their wives Heimler’s History-1.2 Abbasid Caliphate-Islamic beliefs + Arabic India (South Asia) - Turkish Muslims used military forced and invaded Delhi Sultanate - Muslims had little foot hold because Hinduism was the traditional religion -Sufis-a more emotional variation of Islam - Muslims were willing to accommodate for the Hindu gods - Low caste/delusional Buddhists converted West Africa - Islam was spread by merchants - West Africans converted voluntarily and peacefully - Islam spread quickly and to high government levels Islamic Economic Innovations - Thought highly of merchants and commercial activity - Dominant players in Afro-Eurasian trade - New forms of banking, credit, and business contracts Islamic Technological Innovations - Improved Chinese rockets - Advanced paper making - Bureaucrats could tighten grip on lives by writing more down Culture - Greek philosophy -------> Arabic - Innovation and expansion - House of Wisdom in Baghdad 1.3-Empires of Southeast Asia Champa and Khmer Empire - Champa-Southern Vietnam - Independent Cham policies - Adopted Hinduism - Champa RIce - Khmer (Angkor) Empire-Southeast Asia - Converted to Buddhism from Hinduism Southeast Asian leaders were eager to adopt Buddhism and Hinduism Srivijaya Empire-important for the expansion of Buddhism Majapahit Empire-repulsion of the Mongols Women in South Asia in the Hindu tradition were in a social sphere - In Southeast Asia, women had more freedom South Asia - Vijayanagara Empire-Hindu - Rajput Empire-led by Hindu leaders of numerous clans - Constant wars, vulnerable to Muslim attacks South Asians-typically Hindu, some were Buddhist - The lower castes like Buddhism hoping that they could earn a better social status Heimler’s History-1.3 India (South Asia) - Hindu= most significant religion Hinduism-karma, reincarnation Bhakti Movement-emphasized devotion to one god within the pantheon of Hindu gods -Emphasized religious experience - Caste systems-hierarchical structure, move up caste system with karma Southeast Asia - Hindu/Buddhism - Merchants - Majapahit Empire-Buddhist, sea-based empire - Earned wealth and power by sea routes - Khmer Empire-land based - Flourished by irrigation and drainage systems - Agricultural process - Converted to Buddhism from Hinduism Islam came to Southeast Asia because of Muslim merchants 1.4-Americas and Powerful Trade Cities Aztec Empire - Imperial system, advanced agriculture, tributes, human sacrifice, blood rituals, step pyramids, ball sports - Tributes from conquered tribes and slaves - Mesoamerica Incan Empire - Centralized and regulated empire, controlled trade and labor - People kept was was made at home - Trade was within the empire because of the expansive road system Trade City States-Venice and Malacca - Naval power-control of Mediterranean trade - Goods from the East were resold - Trade with the Byzantine Empire and some Muslims Malacca - Trading choke point - Shipbuilding and naval power Afro-Eurasian Routes - Sand roads-through the Saharan desert - Sea Roads-Indian Ocean - Silk Roads-cities through Central Asia Trade City States in Africa - Timbuktu-trade and manufacturing - Swahili City-States-series of city-states, wealth from gold and ivory Trade City States in Central Africa - Kashgar-important for Silk Road - Samarkand-Southeast in Uzbekistan, Silk Road between China and Mediterranean -Islamic centre-scholarly study The Americas were isolated from Afro-Eurasia - Not as advanced - Descended from the Mayans Heimler’s History-1.4-1.5 The Americas - Mississippian Culture - First large scale - Mounds-religious, ceremonial, elite residential - Cahokia-class system - Great Sun, Priests, Nobles, and everyone else - Chaco/Mesa Verda - No wood-arid, treeless portion of land - Houses in cliffs - Aztecs-Tenochtitlan - Zurragts, marketplaces - Mesoamerica - Tribute System-political dominance over distant lands without being directly involved Africa-no centralized government - Kin-based networks - Hausa Kingdom-became Muslim - Kinship ties - States had specializations - Men-skilled labor - Women-farming/domestic labor Griot - Storytellers of history of the tribe 1.5-Empires of Sub-Saharan Africa Swahili-merchants - Bantu/Arabic language - Islamic - Trades everything - Merchants ruled the cities and were the top class Great Zimbabwe-thrived - Trade networks as far as China - Agriculture and hunting - Gold and ivory Ethiopia-merchant - Lost Christain Kingdom (Solomonic Dynasty) - Assistance from Portugal for weapons to defeat Adal Sultanate Hausaland Kingdoms-benefited from trade routes - Hausaland-political and cultural religion - External and internal wars - Kano-powerful city-state 1.6-Developments and Feudalism in Medieval Europe Japan-feudal, post Heian Period 500-1500-Medieval times in Europe - Collapse of Rome -------> Renaissance Classical eras-Arabs prospered more than Europe Feudalism-very spread out, decentralized government Warm Period-750-110 - Muslim invaders, Mongols, Huns, Germanic Tribes, Vikings - Peasants worked land for taxes - Armies were funded with personal agriculture - Europe suffered - Constant moving - Labor for coin-manorialism - Lord of the Manor Science-does not exist, people turn to the Catholic Church for answers **religious-based society Unification Attempts - Carolingian Empire - Charlemagne conquered and unified - Prestige of Rome, Holy Roman Empire, pope= empire - Germanic and Italian regions barely united under the Holy Roman Empire Problems - No social mobility-people were stuck in the class they were born into -Social and wealth gap - Heavy taxes on poor peasants - English Peasant Revolt of 1381 - High taxes and the Black Death Limited Monarchy-England - Magna Carta-King must follow the law and cannot unjustifiably tax -Established the Parliament Crusades - Christains to reclaim Holy lands-Jerusalem - European state expansion-threat of Muslims to Byzantine Empire -Shows Europe how far behind they are from Muslims - Want to be a part of them - Italian city-states began to thrive because of trade Heimler’s History-1.6 Rome falls in 476 --------> Byzantine Empire Feudalism-King, Lords, Knights, Peasants (serfs) High Middle Ages-rise of monarchs Magna Carta-rights to the nobles - Roman Catholic Church Crusades-Christains reclaim Jerusalem Marco Polo-visit China, writes about it - Informs Europe of the culture and wealth of the far East Bourgeoisie-middle class Ice Age-decreased agriculture, population, and trade - Economy dropped