The Encomienda System

• allowed Conquistadores to claim resources and Indians in the Americas

• Could use Indian as laborers as long as they "christianized" them

• Treated the notives brutally

• Spanish missionary, Bartolome de las Casas called it "a moral pestilence invented by Satan"

The Valladolid Debate

• 1550 -1551 Valladolid Spain

• Bartolome de Le cosas vs. Juan cines de Sepulveda

• Las casas: Indians are humans and equals to Europeans, Slavery is wrong

• Sepulveda: Indians are less than human and benefit from serving Spaniards

• No clear winner

• Politics and power , Society and culture

The Columbian Exchange

• Exchange Of plants, Animals, and ideas to the New world and old world

• New world: Gold, Silver, corn, potatoes, beans, vanilla, chocolate, tobacco, cotton

• Old world: Wheat, sugar, rice, coffee, horses, cows, pigs, diseases

• Enslaved Africans: new world 6% of slaves to America

The English colonies of North America

• 1st - 1583 Neufound land (colony failed)

• 2nd- 1585 Roanoke Island, N. C

• Founded by sir Walter Raleigh

• 117 colonists settled there (Vanished later) (failed)

Virginia: The First Plantation Colony

• Jamestown is the first successful settlement in the U.S

• 1606: Under King James I

• A joint- stock company (Virginia company ) was granted land in North America and called it Virginia

• 1607: 120 men arrived looking For gold

• Refused to farm so they started to die

• 38 men survived

Captan John smith

• Took over in 1608

• "He who shall not work shall not eat"

• 1609-1610 "the starving time"

• 400 settlers dwindled to 60

• Tried to return to England in 1610

• Forced to remain in Jamestown by new governor Lord de la War

Lord de la war

• treated the English settlers brutally if they did not Work

• Attacked the Powhaton Indians regularly

• Led to the survival of Jamestown and further expansion of new colonies in Virginia

Expansion into the Headright System

• Settlers began growing tobacco for the Virginia company

• More land and Settlers were needed

• The Headright System granted land to colonists who moved to and stayed in the colonies

• The more people a colonist brought with him/her to Virginia, the more land they got

• The company also sent craftsmen to the colony

• 1619- sent 60 English women

1st Anglo-Powhatan war

• Chief Powhatan united several tribes in the Jamestown area

• Called the "Powhatan Confederacy"

• Lord De La war arrived in Jamestown in 1610 and waged brutal war on the Powhaton Indians

• Agreed to peace in 1614 sealed with the 1st interracial marriage in Virginia

• Pocahontas to John Rolfe

• Peace lasted 8 years

2nd Anglo-Powhatan war

• By 1622 - English settlers took more land and spread disease to the Indians

• Indians attacked and killed 3417 colonists including John Rolfe

• Virginia company ordered attacks on the Indians

• 1644 - Indians made 1 final effort to remove the English settlers

• The attempt failed and the Indians were driven out

• Established Separation between the races

• By 1644 - the Virginia Company went bankrupt

• The colony came under the Control of the English crown

• Virginia was allowed to self govern

• July 30, 1619 delegates from various communities met in Jamestown as the house of Burgesses

• This was the first meeting of elected legislatures in the future united states

Maryland: The 2nd plantation colony (The Catholic colony)

• founded by lord Baltimore in 1632

• wanted to create a Catholic haven

• His son, Cecilius Callert, received a charter giving him absolute control over maryland

• Settlers arrived and received help from the Indians

• No Indian attacks, no plagues, no starving time

Religion in Maryland

• Many land Owners were Catholic

• most farmers were protestant

• Protestants outnumbered Catholics

• Calvert appointed protestant Governor

• Passed the toleration Act: gave freedom to Worship for all christians.

• called for death to Jews and atheists

• Maryland had more catholics than any other English colony

Economy of Maryland

• Grew tobacco

• Relied heavily on white indentured servants

• Indentured servants- colonists would pay passage for immigrants in exchange for their labor

• Later in the late 17th century, they began using Slaves from Africa

Bacon's Rebellion

• 1670's- Many indentured Servants (mostly young men) were free, poor, and homeless

• They wanted more land from the indians

• Came to resent the landed gentry (rich people)

• Nathaniel Bacon- Was an educated, Wealthy Englishman who bought land in Virginia in 1673

• Had a seat on governors council

• Wanted more political power

• Bacon was blocked having more power

• Tensions grew between landless poor and wealthy land owners

• Also between the landless poor and the Indians

• 1675- a group of Indians attacked a plantation and killed a servant

• local white farmers, from the back country, struck back

• open fighting began

• Virginia government did not Send help or grant land to freed indentured servants

• Bacon and other landowners struck out to fight the Indians

• V. A. govt. Saw this as a Sign of defiance

• This became known as "Bacon's Rebellion"

• Bacon led 2 attacks on Jamestown

• 2nd attack, he burned it down

• Almost took control of V.A . But died of dysentery

Significance of Bacon's Rebellion

• 1. A new treaty was signed with the Indians granting more land to white settlers

• 2. Showed continued Struggle for more land between whites and Indians

• 3. It shaved the danger of having a large population of freed indentured servants living in poverty

• 4. Most colonists started thinking thinking African Slaves posed less of a threat than freed indentured Servants

The carolina colony

• Named For king Charles Il

• 1663 & 1665- 8 court favorites were granted land in the new world

• 1670 -300 settlers set sail from England,100 survived the trip

• Survivors built part royal and Charlestown (Charleston) the future captial

• The founders decided to attract settlers from other colonies established

Settlers in carolina

• Were guaranteed religious freedom for all christians

• Political freedom - colonials could select their own representatives to make laws

• hoped to attract colonists from Virginia and Maryland

• Many Of the 1st settlers come from Barbados in the west Indies

• Brought Slave trade with them

Slavery in the Carolinas

• Many settlers started using American Indians as slaves

• 10,000 were captured and sold to the west Indies to work in the Sugarcane field

• Some were sold to the Northern colonies

• By 1710, the tribes native to the Carolina coast had been destroyed

• Carolinians shifted to using African Slaves

North Carolina VS. South Carolina

• the North: Mostly backwoods, subsistence farmers

• Some grew tobacco as a crash Crop

• Lived in isolation. Many squatters. outcasts

• Owned Very Few Slaves

• Developed a resistance to authority

• Became the most independent minded , democratic and least aristocratic of the colonists

• Tensions grew with the southern region

South Carolina

• prosperous and aristocratic

• Grew many cash crops, especially rice

• Barbados became their most important trading partner

• African Slaves with rice cultivation Skills were in demand

• They also had resistance to malaria

• By 1710 - African Slaves made up the majority of the population of South Carolina

• 1712- the colony split into North and South. Each with their own government

The Slave Trade

• 18th century (1700s) slavery was a thriving business

• 10 million over a 300 year period

• Mostly young males

• Established the region of Africa

• Taken on the triangular trade (middle passage).

Slave status and resistance

• 1640-  John Casor was declared a slave for life

• 1662 - Virginia law stated that the child of a slave woman would inherit the mothers status

• 1712 - siave revolt in New york

• Burned as punishment

The colonial Economy: The South & West Indies

• Chesapeake Region 90% total exports

• Virginia: climate & geography was right for tobacco

• Lawyer southern colonies: rice and indigo

• 1750 : rice & indigo made up 2/3 of Southern exports west indies

• Most profitable of the British new world colonies

• Suger cane

• relied mostly on Slave labor

Georgia (The buffer colonies)

• Created to protect the Carolinas from the Spanish

• Named for king George lI

• Founded by James Oglethorpe who wanted prison reform

• Haven for debtors, German Lutheran, Scotish

• Toleration for all Christians except for catholics

• Oglethorpe repelled many Spanish attacked

• Produced silk and wine

• Oglethorpe: "our perpetual dictator"

• Oglethorpe's rules:

1. No rum

2. No Africans (slave or free)

3. No Catholics

4. Regulated trade w/ Indians

5. Limits on how much land they could own

• Few debtors came, mostly poor, skilled labor (tradesmen and artisans)