PERIOD 2 - AP US History (1607-1750) - THE AMERICAN PAGEANT 16th EDITION (AP EDITION)

CHAPTER 2 - THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA, 1500-1733

Chesapeake Experience

• Model gov., royal governor, elected assembly, Anglican control
• Jamestown: high deathrate, no gold, tense relations with Indians
• Headright system/House of Burgesses
• Toleration Act (1649) in Maryland, protection of Catholics
• Jamestown “starving period”

Indentured Servitude 

• Forbidden to marry
• 1/10 outlived contracts in 1610-1614

Cultural Clashes in Chesapeake

• First Anglo Powhatan War ended with intermarriage b/t John Rolfe/Pocahontas
• Second Anglo Powhatan War was Indians last attempt to defeat British

3 D’S - Disease, disorganization, disposability

House of Burgesses

• First representative self government - an assembly or  mini parliament in the New World
• Control over finances, militia, etc. later able to initiate legislation by the end of the 17th cent.
• Council appointed  by the royal governor. Included leading planters/Functioned as house of lords
• High death rates ensured rapid turnover of members

Bacon’s Rebellion - 1676

• Conflict over expansion into Indian lands 
• Western settlers angry at Planter-Merchant elite
• Resented relations with Indians
• Rebellion put down with Bacon’s death

Emergence of North Carolina

• Dissenters from Virginia moved south to N. Carolina

• 1. Established small/self sufficient tobacco farms, poor farmers, few large plantations, little need for slaves
• Religious dissenters

• North Carolinians irreligious/hospitable to pirates
• Bloody relations w/ Indians/Europeans
• Tuscarora War
• War with Yamasee Indians in S. Carolina

Georgia: Buffer Colony

• Buffer to protect Carolinas from Spanish Florida/French Louisiana
• Haven for jailed debtors to restart life
• James Oglethorpe key founder
• Missionaries

CHAPTER 3 - SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES (1619-1700)

I - The Protestannt Reformation Produces Puritanism

• Predestination:

• Good works couldn’t save those that were predestined for hell
• No one is certain of their  spiritual status
• Doubts led to constantly seeking signs of conversion

III - The Bay Colony Bible Commonwealth

• Massachusetts  Bay Colony became the biggest/most influential colony
• “City upon a hill”
• MA Bay colony was a royal proprietorship based colony

IV - Building the Bay Colony

• Ruled as “Bible Commonwealth” or “theocracy”

• Town government, property-owning males could vote in town meetings, direct democracy ---- self gov.

• Social and economic hierarchy, no equality. Men of higher social status received largest land allotments from the town

• Most New England males had an opportunity to acquire land, property, and to establish families

VII - New England Spreads Out

• Connecticut River area attracted a sprinkling of Dutch/English settlers
• Fundamental Orders - A modern constitution that established a regime democratically controlled by the “substantial” citizens

• Fundamental  Orders > Constitution > Voting rights for all males regardless of religion

• 1679 - King Charles II separated New Hampshire  from MA and made it a royal colony

VIII - Puritans Versus Indians

• Before pilgrims arrived in 1620, epidemic killed 75+% of native ppl
• Wampanoag chieftain Massasoit signed a treaty with the Plymouth Pilgrims. Wampanoag Indians befriended settlers
• Expanding settlement increased tensions
• Pequot War - Four decades of hostility
• Praying towns were established to Christianize remaining Indians

VIII - King Philip’s War

• Metacom formed intertribal alliance to resist settlers attacked throughout New England, especially Frontier
• Metacom’s War slowed English settlement for a time, but overall inflicted a lasting defeat on Indians in N. England

IX - Seeds of Colonial Unity and Independence

• New England Confederation (Bay Colony, Plymouth, New Haven, scattered valley colonies)
• Purpose: defense against common enemies
• Each colony had two votes
• Exclusively Puritan
• Distracted by the English Civil War, England exercised Salutary Neglect

• Colonies develop habits of relative independence

X. Andros Promotes the First American Revolution

• Royal authorities create Dominion of New England
• Mercantile laws of the Navigation Acts regulate trade within the colonies

• Navigation Laws attempted to link England’s overseas possessions more tightly to Eng. crown

• Commercial wars - Anglo-Dutch War

English Bill of Rights

• No standing armies during peacetime
• Parliament elected by the people  and lawmaking body
• King cannot  tax w/o permission of Parliament
• Guarantees of trial by jury, fair and speedy trial, freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishment
• Influenced our “Bill of Rights”

XI - Old Netherlanders at New Netherland

• Economic focus - fur trade, business and commerce with goal of quick profit
• Investors had no enthusiasm for democratic practices
• Patroonships - feudal estates established, strong aristocracy
• Harsh colonial policies alienated Dutch, Swedish, English settlers, no free speech, no religious tolerance, no political freedom

New Amsterdam Harbor, 1639

• Company town run in interests of the stockholders, no interest in religious toleration, free speech, democracy

XII  -  Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors

• Dutch company colony had conflict, esp. w/ Natives
• Anglo Dutch Wars fought - Dutch Lose each
• Charles II granted his brother the Duke of York, formed New Amsterdam area, renamed New York, retained autocratic spirit

XIV - Penn’s Holy Experiment in Pennsylvania

• Quakers:

• Refused to pay taxes for established Church of England
• Built simple meeting houses
• Congregated w/o paid clergy
• Took no oaths, refused to  treat upper  class with deference

• William  Penn/Pennsylvania

• Wanted to experiment with liberal ideas in government and to  make money
• Liberal land policy attracted many immigrants from different lands
• Ethnically diverse

• Quaker tolerance of non-Quaker immigrants eventually undermined Penn’s Indian policy

• As non-Quaker immigrants came, they were less tolerant of Indians (Scots-Irish)

CHAPTER 4 - AMERICAN LIFE IN THE 17TH CENTURY

III - Frustrated Freemen/Bacon’s Rebellion

• Late 1600s - tobacco market crash
• Planter-merchant elite dominated social/political/economic life
• Impoverished tenant freedmen farmers increasingly frustrated with broken hopes, poverty widespread, little access to land/women for marriage

• Virginia assembly disfranchises most landless whites

• Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

IV - Colonial Slavery

• Legal difference b/t African slaves/white servants unclear, changed with the increase of Africans
• White servants were less costly before, but less so after late 1600s, seemed more dangerous after Bacon’s Rebellion

V. Southern Society

• Slavery spreads, gaps in society:

• Hierarchy  of wealth/status
• Small elite upper class dominated system
• Planter elite expected yeoman, small farmers to support system

• Rich fear of small and middling poor white farmers

VII - Life in N. England Towns

• Society grew in orderly fashion unlike southern colonies
• Puritanism instilled unity/concern for moral health of whole community
• Gradually changed from grain to livestock community

Covenant Theology

• New England Way = “Covenant of grace” Puritan covenant with god, social covenant
• 1. B/t members of Puritan communities w/ each  other
• 2. Required mutual watchfulness
• 3. No toleration of deviance/disorder
• 4. No privacy

VIII - Halfway Covenant/Salem Witch Trials

• Halfway Covenant - offer partial membership, weakened distinction b/t elect and others
• Eventually welcomed all to church, strict religious purity as a sacrifice
• Women majority of churchgoers
• Turmoil w/ Indians
• Market economy vs. Subsistence farming
• Traditionalists’ fear of  rising commercialism

IX - New England Way of Life 

• Native Americans left their imprint, didn’t have a sense of individual land ownership
• English settlers different, felt duty to improve land
• Calvinism, soil, climate made for  energy, purposefulness, sternness, stubbornness, self reliance, resourcefulness

CHAPTER 5 - COLONIAL SOCIETY ON THE EVE OF REVOLUTION, 1700-1775

I - Conquest by Cradle

• Colony population growth
• Doubling numbers every 25 years, balance of power shifting with English advantage in people ratio (20-1, Eng. to American)
• Populous colonies - Virginia, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Maryland (respectively)
• 90% colonists lived in rural areas

II - Mingling of Races

• America a melting pot with numerous foreign groups
• Germans about 6%, 150k by 1775

• Fled religious  persecution, economic oppression, war in 1700s, settled in Pennsylvania
• Known Pennsylvania Dutch, ⅓ of the colony’s  pop. lived in backcountry

• Scots Irish 7% of population 1775

• Transplanted to N. Ireland
• Economic life hampered
• tens/thousands came to America early 1700s
• First settlers of the West

• When they came up against the Allegheny Mtns, they moved south to Maryland/down to  Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley
• Settled along eastern Appalachian foothills 1800s
• Lawless, individualistic, brought whiskey distilling
• Many hated British gov.,, really any other  government
• 1764 - Paxton boys marched on Philadelphia, massacred 20 Indians in Penns.
• Regulator Movement in N. Carolina
• Regulators - North Carolina Regulators

• Landowning vigilantes, demand greater political rights, local courts, fairer taxes, impose moral discipline on “low  ppl” in western regions

• 1766 - more radical regulators challenge judges, close courts, free supporters from jail
• Ethnically, religious diverse, many still married within own community to retain culture
• German immigrants tended to live culturally apart by marrying among themselves, speakin german, women had  active role in plowing/harvesting
• N. England had the least ethnic diversity
• West expansion leads to conflict over Indian policy, political authority/debts, social conflict on the frontier
• Royal gov. Mobilized eastern militia against force, defeat army/execute leaders
• Middle Colonies receive more white immigrants, laid foundations for a new multicultural american national identity
• African American community variegated in cultural organizations
• Praying towns
• Slaves helped build country with labor - some artisans, mostly manual laborers
• New York slave revolt, Stono rebellion

IV - The Structure of Colonial Society

• America showing signs of stratification and barriers to mobility

• Wars enriched big merchants in N. England/middle colonies
• Wars created class of widows/orphans

• N. England, open land less available, descendants faced limited prospects

• Smaller farms
• Younger kids hired out as wage  laborers
• Boston’s homeless population increase

• Colonies overcrowded/farm families faced poverty
• Gap b/t rich/poor individuals
• Many indentured servants ultimately achieved prosperity
• 50,00 paupers/convicts (jayle birds) less fortunate, involuntarily shipped to Americas

Class Structure of  Colonial Society

• Wealthy merchants, lawyers, clergy, officials, large planters/aristocrats
• Lesser professional men
• Yeoman farmers
• Lesser tradesmen, manual workers, hired hands
• Indentured servants/jayle birds
• Black slaves, some attempts to halt importants, fear of rebellion

Structuring Colonial governments

• Colonies developed system of gov. Based on authority of governor/agent of the king supplemented by legislature of locally elected representatives
• Lack of police power > public demonstrations against unpopular laws/set precedent of popular dissent
• Colonial assemblies gradually gained more authority over royal governors
• Tying elected officials success in office to satisfaction of their constituents became central feature in colonial politics/whig ideology

VII - Horsepower/Sailpower

• America, with scarcity of money/workers, suffered oppressive transport problems

• Roads didn’t connect to major cities until 1700
• Roads often clouds of dust in summer, mud filled in winter
• Tree strewn roads, rickety bridges, carriage overturns, runaway horses

• Population clustered along banks of navigable rivers
• Heavy reliance on waterways
• Taverns along travel routes, mingling of social classes, served as cradles of democracy, clearinghouse of information, hotbeds of agitation

• Helped crystalize public opinion, proved to be hotbeds of agitation as revolutionary movement gained momentum

• Mid1700s intercolonial postal system

VIII - Dominant Denominations

• Church of England (Anglicans)

• Official faith in georgia, north/south carolina, virginia, maryland, part of NY
• In England, supported kingly authority
• Less fierce, more worldly than Puritanical N. England
• College of William/Mary established to train clergy

• Congregational Church

• Grew out of Puritan church
• Formally established in N. England (except rhode island)
• First supported by taxing all residents
• congregational/presbyterian ministers grappled w/ political questions
• Anglican ministers hesitated to resist crown

• For the first time -- religious toleration in colonies

The Enlightenment/great awakening

• Deism - embraced by Franklin, Jefferson

• God existed/created the world, but afterwards left it to run by natural laws, denied god communicated to man or in any way influenced his life, get to heaven if you are good

• Religion decline in early 18th cent. Compared to before
• Puritan churches decline

• Elaborate theological doctrines, compromising efforts to liberalize membership requirements

• Clerical intellectualism sapped spiritual vitality from many denominations
• Arminianism - Jacobus Arminius challenged Calvinist doctrine of predestination

• Claimed all humans, not just elect can be saved if they accepted god’s grace
• Doctrine was considered a heresy

• Great awakening challenged Anglican church, Baptist movement spreads amon gwhite/black communities, poor farmers drawn to revival meetings
• George whitefield believed brutality of slave owners was sinful, africans should be accepted to christian church

XI - Provincial Culture

• art/culture  still had Euro tastes, esp. British
• Colonial contributions

• John Trumbull - painter
• Charles Willson Peale - known for his portrait of george washington , ran museum
• Benjamin West/John Singleton Copley, famous painters

• Other contributions

• Architecture largely imported/modified
• Log cabin borrowed from sweden
• Noteworthy literature: poetry of phillis wheatley
• Benjamin Franklin 

XII - Pioneer Presses

• Americans generally too poor to buy books, too busy to read
• Ben Franklin established first privately supported circulating library in Philadelphia
• By 1776, 50 public libraries, collections 
• Printing presses

• First printed pamphlets, leaflets, journals
• 40 newspapers existed on eve of revolution

• Powerful agency for airing colonial grievances/rallying opposition

• Zenger trial

XIII - great game of politics

• 3 kinds of colonial governors by 1775

• 8 colonies had royal governors appointed by king
• 3 colonies had governors selected by proprietors (Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware)
• Connecticut/Rhode Island elected own governors under self governing charters

• Each colony had 2 house legislature

• Upper house was appointed by the crown in 8 royal colonies and by the proprietor in 3 proprietary colonies, chosen by voters in 2 self governing colonies
• Lower house was the popular branch, elected by the people (property owners)

• Some colonies, backcountry areas were seriously underrepresented/resented colonial elite

• Self taxation thru representation cherished 
• London left colonial governors to mercies of legislatures
• Colonial assemblies asserted authority over governors by withholding salary
• Administration at the local level varied

• County governments remained the rule in the South
• Town meetings predominated N. England
• Middle colonies used mix of both

• Town meetings w/ open discussion/open voting, were cradle of self gov.
• Everyday life, drab, tedious

• Food was plentiful, diet coarse, monotonous
• Basic comforts lacking
• Amusement eagerly pursued where time/custom permitted

• By 1775 - British N. America looked like a patchwork quilt

• Each colony slightly different, stitched together by common origins, ways of life, common beliefs in toleration, economic development, self rule
• All physically separated from seat of imperial authority
• Set the stage for the struggle to unite