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Early Societies in Southeast Asia and the Indo-European Migrations: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE NOTES - TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS 6TH EDITION - AP World History
Early Societies in Southeast Asia and the Indo-European Migrations: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE NOTES - TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS 6TH EDITION - AP World History
Civilization Defined
- Urban
- Political/military system
- Social Stratification
- Economic specialization
- Religion
- Communications
- "Higher Culture"
The Wealth of the Rivers
- Nutrient-rich silt
- Key: irrigation
- Necessity of coordinated efforts
- Promoted development of local governments
- City-states
- Sumer begins small=scale irrigation 6000 BCE
- By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks
- Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE
- Attracts Semitic migrants, increases culture
Legal System
- Code of Hammurabi (18th cent. BCE)
- 282 items
- "lex talionis" (item 196: "an eye for an eye")
- Social status/punishment
- Women as property, but some rights
Technological Development in Mesopotamia
- Bronze (copper/tin) c. 4000 BCE
- Military, agricultural applications
- Iron: c. 1000 BCE
- cheaper than bronze
- Wheel, boats: c. 35000 BCE
- Shipbuilding increases trade networks
Social Classes
- Ruling classes based often on military prowess
- Originally elected, later hereditary
- Perceived as offspring of gods
- Religious classes
- Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety
- Considerable landholdings, other economic activities
- Free commoners
- Peasant cultivators
- Some urban professionals
- Slaves
- POW, convicted criminals, debtors
Patriarchal Society
- Men as landowners, relationship to status
- Patriarchy: "rule of the father"
- Right to sell wives, children
- Double standard of sexual morality
- Women drowned for adultery
- Relaxed sexual mores for men
- Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women
- Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity
- Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE
Development of Writing
- Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE
- Pictographs
- Cuneiform: "Wedge-shaped"
- Preservation of documents on clay
- Declines from 400 BCE w/ spread of Greek alphabetic script
Uses for Writing
- Trade
- Astronomy
- Mathematics
- Agricultural
- Calculation of time
- 12 month year
- 24 hour day, 60 minute hour
The Phoenicians
- City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE
- Extensive maritime trade
- Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE
- Development of alphabet symbols
- Simpler alternative to cuneiform
- Spread of literacy
Indo-Euro Migrations
- Common roots of many languages of Europe, Southwest Asia, India
- Implies influence of a single Indo-European people
- Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine/Russia, 4500-2500 BCE
- Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely
Implications of Indo-Euro Migrations
- Hittites migrate to Central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia
- Influence on trade
- Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of iron
- Migrations to Western China, Greece, Italy also significant
- Influence on language/culture
- Aryo - "noble, lord"
- Aryan, Iranian, Irish
- Caste system in India
- Aryo - "noble, lord"
Early Societies in Southeast Asia and the Indo-European Migrations: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE NOTES - TRADITIONS AND ENCOUNTERS 6TH EDITION - AP World History
Civilization Defined
- Urban
- Political/military system
- Social Stratification
- Economic specialization
- Religion
- Communications
- "Higher Culture"
The Wealth of the Rivers
- Nutrient-rich silt
- Key: irrigation
- Necessity of coordinated efforts
- Promoted development of local governments
- City-states
- Sumer begins small=scale irrigation 6000 BCE
- By 5000 BCE, complex irrigation networks
- Population reaches 100,000 by 3000 BCE
- Attracts Semitic migrants, increases culture
Legal System
- Code of Hammurabi (18th cent. BCE)
- 282 items
- "lex talionis" (item 196: "an eye for an eye")
- Social status/punishment
- Women as property, but some rights
Technological Development in Mesopotamia
- Bronze (copper/tin) c. 4000 BCE
- Military, agricultural applications
- Iron: c. 1000 BCE
- cheaper than bronze
- Wheel, boats: c. 35000 BCE
- Shipbuilding increases trade networks
Social Classes
- Ruling classes based often on military prowess
- Originally elected, later hereditary
- Perceived as offspring of gods
- Religious classes
- Role: intervention with gods to ensure fertility, safety
- Considerable landholdings, other economic activities
- Free commoners
- Peasant cultivators
- Some urban professionals
- Slaves
- POW, convicted criminals, debtors
Patriarchal Society
- Men as landowners, relationship to status
- Patriarchy: "rule of the father"
- Right to sell wives, children
- Double standard of sexual morality
- Women drowned for adultery
- Relaxed sexual mores for men
- Yet some possibilities of social mobility for women
- Court advisers, temple priestesses, economic activity
- Introduction of the veil at least c. 1500 BCE
Development of Writing
- Sumerian writing systems form 3500 BCE
- Pictographs
- Cuneiform: "Wedge-shaped"
- Preservation of documents on clay
- Declines from 400 BCE w/ spread of Greek alphabetic script
Uses for Writing
- Trade
- Astronomy
- Mathematics
- Agricultural
- Calculation of time
- 12 month year
- 24 hour day, 60 minute hour
The Phoenicians
- City-states along Mediterranean coast after 3000 BCE
- Extensive maritime trade
- Dominated Mediterranean trade, 1200-800 BCE
- Development of alphabet symbols
- Simpler alternative to cuneiform
- Spread of literacy
Indo-Euro Migrations
- Common roots of many languages of Europe, Southwest Asia, India
- Implies influence of a single Indo-European people
- Probable original homeland: contemporary Ukraine/Russia, 4500-2500 BCE
- Domestication of horses, use of Sumerian weaponry allowed them to spread widely
Implications of Indo-Euro Migrations
- Hittites migrate to Central Anatolia, c. 1900 BCE, later dominate Babylonia
- Influence on trade
- Horses, chariots with spoked wheels, use of iron
- Migrations to Western China, Greece, Italy also significant
- Influence on language/culture
- Aryo - "noble, lord"
- Aryan, Iranian, Irish
- Caste system in India
- Aryo - "noble, lord"