knowt logo

AP Euro: Unit 11 - Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism

AP Euro: Unit 11 - Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism

Congress of Vienna, Concerts of Europe, and Worldwide Revolutions

  • undoing Napoleon's Europe:
    • after the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders held a meeting/Congress of Vienna (1814)
      • Congress of Vienna's goals:
        • undo Napoleon's organization of Europe (he installed rulers loyal to him)
        • restore legitimate rulers (of royal bloodline) to thrones to preserve traditional institution (principle of legitimacy) (ex. a Bourbon becomes a new Louis (XVII))
    • doesn't benefit everyone:
      • Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England were out to improve their own nations at the expense of smaller nations (ex. Poland)
        • ex. Austria's Prince Klemens von Metternich was an egomaniac, France's Tallyrand - XYZ affair
    • borders of Europe redrawn:
      • 'independent' Poland was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia
      • Austria got new land in the Italian border for the loss of the Netherlands
      • Prussia got Westphalia, Saxony, and Western bank of the Rhine
  • balance of power:
    • Metternich and others claimed redrawing borders their way prevented any one European power from doing what Napoleon did because the remaining nations were mostly large and powerful
    • dealing with France:
      • France was allowed to keep territorial borders
      • the Congress enlarged Netherlands and Sardinia/Piedmont to surround France (otherwise surrounded by Prussia, Austria, and Spain)
      • since France was enthusiastic about Napoleon's return, France was occupied by foreign armies for 5 years and forced to pay war debt
  • Concerts of Europe:
    • Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia continued to hold meetings after Vienna
    • goals:
      • keep peace and settle disputes
      • keep balance of power in Europe
      • eventually stop occupation of France
      • stop nationalist movements and rebellions from threatening peace by sending armies (principle of intervention)
  • principle of intervention:
    • England didn't agree with sending militaries to deal with movements and didn't join joint military campaigns (troops sent crush opposition/revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to throne in Spain and Italy)
      • Britain was more liberal (more democratic government)
    • Metternich and supports (and most of Europe) represented the conservative ideology:
      • maintained that the old order (monarch systems) had resulted in a stable and orderly society that endured
      • resisted liberal/enlightenment ideals of the French Revolution
  • Napoleon helps Latin America: 
    • Napoleon conquered Spain temporarily and Spain's government was no more --> Enlightened Creoles (America-born sons of Spanish aristocrats who moved to America) seized the opportunity to gain independence
      • Creole named Simon Bolivar (great admirer of French and American revolutions) gathered revolutionary forces and attempted to win freedom for Venezuela
  • legacy of Simon Bolivar:
    • won independence for most of Latin America
    • known as 'the liberator'
    • exiled twice to Haiti
    • joined forces with Jose de San Martin who helped win independence for Argentina and Chile
  • Brazil:
    • Pedro ruled Portugal until Napoleon came into Spain --> he took sail for Brazil (Portugal's colony) because he didn't want to be forcibly ousted 
    • he was loved by subjects in Brazil so even after Napoleon was defeated, Pedro wanted to stay in Brazil --> crowned emperor Pedro in Brazil (peaceful transfer of power like Glorious Revolution)
  • revolutions in Europe:
    • revolutions swept through Europe 1815-1850 (except Russia and England) against established governments and status quo set at the Congress of Vienna
    • brought on by clashing ideals of several major popular philosophies within societies (conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism)
  • nationalism:
    • feelings of pride in nation (common institutions, language, customs, traditions bind society together)
    • each nationality deserved its own government and had the right to self-determination (right to do what you want to do, form own history, choose own government)
    • prevalent among conquered people:
      • ex. Austria was composed of 11 different groups, each claiming their own nationality and wanting freedom from Austria
    • can be a force that brings people/nations together, or tears people/nations apart
  • conservatism:
    • maintained 'old order' (monarchies) had resulted in a stable/orderly society that endured so legitimate monarchs needed to be restored
    • favor obedience to political authority, organized religion is crucial, hated rebellions, community > individual rights, wealth disparity
    • state/nation is partnership between those who are living, the dead, and the yet-to-be-born --> no generation was right to destroy the partnership and each generation has duty to preserve and transmit it to the next generation
  • liberalism:
    • follows enlightenment ideals
    • two types - economic and political:
      • economic:
        • laissez-faire (no government interference in economy)
        • government should only defend, protect, and build/maintain infrastructure
      • political:
        • protection of civil liberties and basic rights
        • protections need to be guaranteed in written doc
        • religious toleration
        • separation of powers
  • socialism:
    • wanted to introduce equality into all social systems 
    • cooperation > competition
    • capitalism exploits workers and creates lifestyle gap between the rich and poor
    • people, not private individuals, own and operate the means of production (MOP) (factories, farms, etc. that produce and sell good in capitalist societies) and share equally in rewards
  • socialism in action:
    • early socialists were called Utopians because their dreams were impractical for the real world
    • Robert Owen:
      • set up community in Scotland to put socialist ideas in practice --> provided most things at cost to people of community and eventually ran out of money
      • believed without rich and poor social classes, there would be no fighting in society (people would share equally in work except children because there would be no child labor)
  • other important points:
    • landowning elites wanted to use land to benefit themselves (have common people work land --> nobles have all profit/power --> reinstitute old order) while new industrialists want infrastructure to support industrialization (their factories/businesses)
  • revolts of liberal and nationalist variety:
    • the Ottoman Empire was like the Austrian Empire:
      • made up of conquered people
      • 'ruled' by one person (Ottoman Sultan, Austrian Emperor)
    • Serbia (1804-1830):
      • Russia agreed to help their independence movement because they had the same language, religion, and ancestry
      • Serbs won autonomy (self-rule) within Ottoman Empire
      • Ottoman Sultan later agreed to formal independence (crucial in starting WWI)
  • Greece, Moldovia, and Wallachia (whole region known as the Balkans):
    • Greece:
      • birthplace of democracy
      • fighting holy war (Ottomans are Muslim)
      • Great Britain and France sent armada to help Greece
      • Russia convinced Ottomans to grant Greece freedom
      • Greece forced to accept German king to appease conservatives
    • Moldovia and Wallachia:
      • Russians invade in 1828 and by 1829, they are independent
      • later becomes Romania
  • unsuccessful liberal and nationalist revolts:
    • Spain:
      • ruled by a Bourbon (Ferdinand VII) who ignored liberal constitution he promised to uphold
      • king was besieged by rebellion until French army crossed Pyrenees and destroyed revolt (principle of intervention)
    • Italian States:
      • dominated by Austria
      • 9 separate states
      • Austrians crush revolts in Italian States
      • Austria claimed 2 border regions in redrawing of borders
      • strong sense of Italian nationalism (break away from Austria and bring country together)
      • Giuseppe Mazzini was leading figure in unification
    • German Confederation (aka Confederation of Rhine):
      • 38 sovereign states
      • had 2 options to look for leadership and protection (Austria or Prussia)
      • liberal student societies (Burschenschaften) start movement to unite states into single political unit --> Austria intervenes but seeds of nationalism were planted
  • rocky restoration:
    • Louis XVIII restored to legitimate throne after 23 years in exile:
      • held most of the power
      • shared limited amount of power with 2 house assembly
      • established Charter of French Liberties (new constitution)
      • weak king (ultraroyalists pressured him to return their traditional positions as aristocrats and to restore the power of the church)
    • Louis XVIII died and his younger brother, Charles X, inherited the throne:
      • church given power to run schools again
      • returned lands/titles to ultraroyalists
      • unpopular
      • forced to compromise and forced to make ministers answerable to parliament (ministerial responsibility - balances power between the king and parliament), later revokes this
      • tries to dissolve legislature and call for new elections
      • sets France up for another revolution
  • Revolution of 1830:
    • Charles X tried to censor free press, reject new constitution, and suspend assembly --> rebellion
    • rebels captured Paris and Charles X flees to England 
    • July Revolution
    • set up constitutional monarchy which further limited the power of the king
  • new government and new king:
    • chose Louis Philippe as king (cousin of Charles X, supporter of French Revolution)
    • 'citizen king' because he owed his rise to throne to the people
    • got along with middle and upper classes
    • man of the people
    • liberal minded
  • another revolution:
    • Louis Philippe's government was corrupt 
    • during industrial revolution, workers felt exploited --> socialism on the rise, calls for the abolition of private property
    • recession hits and poor harvests inflate food prices even more --> irritated people post criticisms in newspapers
    • Louis tries to censor press and prohibit meetings in public --> people riot (February Days)
    • Louis was abdicated and a new '2nd republic' was created
  • June Days and election:
    • government of 2nd republic was weak and dominated by the wealthy
    • government shut down socialist projects/national workshops (govt-run job programs) in June and working classes rioted in Paris
      • over 1500 were killed
    • class resentments formed between the wealthy and poor
    • fear of socialism increases
    • 2nd republic expanded voting rights to all male citizens (before - 200k, after - 9 million)
    • new president was elected
  • new emperor:
    • Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) declared himself emperor and ended the republic
    • had people vote and 90% wanted a 2nd empire (because it was more stable than a republic)
    • when removed from power, the 3rd French Republic began
  • England (Rule of Tories)
    • constitutional monarchy (liberal by most European standards) but conservative forces were also in control
    • most seats in legislature were called pocket/rotten boroughs, whose voting districts were rigged by rich/powerful people to control the House of Commons (supposedly made up of common people)
    • 2 political factions (both from aristocratic classes):
      • Whigs:
        • tried to help support new industrial working class
      • Tories
        • controlled House of Lords and Commons
  • government corruption:
    • Tories used political power to rig elections and pass laws to enrich themselves
      • passed Corn Laws which placed high tariffs on foreign grain, and wealthy landowners (Tories) raised prices of own crops to just less than the price of foreign grain
        • wealthy landowners got richer and the poor paid more for food --> food shortage and public demonstrations --> government opened fire and killed people (Peterloo Massacre)
  • reform in England:
    • Reform Act of 1832:
      • got rid of pocket/rotten boroughs and redrew district lines --> new/fair representation (even some people from working class)
    • expanded right to vote by qualifying people who paid a rent
      • millions still couldn't vote
    • repealed Corn Laws
    • passed Poor Laws
      • people believed unemployment was the result of laziness 
      • poor houses were available but horrible conditions forced people to reenter labor market
  • Russia exposed to new ideas:
    • rural and agrarian society where people were still serfs, haven't industrialized, and enlightenment ideas were foreign (because of govt censorship)
    • Catherine the Great supported Enlightenment thinkers but didn't pass reforms and there were still rebellions
    • liberal Tsar Alexander I started to make liberal reforms (education system, some free press, etc.) but didn't abolish serfdom because it would alienate nobles
  • toward an ordered society:
    • large cities needed transition in law enforcement because nations had outdated law enforcement systems that needed restructuring
      • England's constables (unpaid, caused crimes, violent) were replaced with bobbies to prevent crime
      • French Serjents wore uniforms to be identifiable
      • Germany had Shchutzmannschaft from military backgrounds
  • prison reform:
    • used to not differentiate between types of criminals (semi-separate cells at night, all in commonplace during the day)
    • reforms based on American prison systems (separate criminals by crime, isolate them, etc.)
    • England develops a penal colony in Australia (sent criminals into exile to clear land for settlers)
  • romanticism:
    • people were looking to return to simpler times before the chaos of political and industrial revolutions
    • Rousseau was significant to the development of romanticism because he emphasized the role of emotions in moral improvement
    • about imagination, freedom, and emotions
    • development of a romantic hero (a misfit essentially)
    • in romantic artwork, scenes of nature were common because nature was overtaken by industrialization
    • allowed people to express individualism (traits unique to each artist, writer, and musician) through their work (driven by the want to break class systems)
  • neo-gothic:
    • artists were fascinated by history --> romanticism revived and renewed the gothic style that was popular before the Renaissance
    • gothic architecture:
      • intricate features
      • spires
      • decorative
      • gargoyles
      • dark undertones
    • gothic literature:
      • emotional
      • dark
      • horror-type

AP Euro: Unit 11 - Reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism

Congress of Vienna, Concerts of Europe, and Worldwide Revolutions

  • undoing Napoleon's Europe:
    • after the defeat of Napoleon, European leaders held a meeting/Congress of Vienna (1814)
      • Congress of Vienna's goals:
        • undo Napoleon's organization of Europe (he installed rulers loyal to him)
        • restore legitimate rulers (of royal bloodline) to thrones to preserve traditional institution (principle of legitimacy) (ex. a Bourbon becomes a new Louis (XVII))
    • doesn't benefit everyone:
      • Austria, Prussia, Russia, and England were out to improve their own nations at the expense of smaller nations (ex. Poland)
        • ex. Austria's Prince Klemens von Metternich was an egomaniac, France's Tallyrand - XYZ affair
    • borders of Europe redrawn:
      • 'independent' Poland was split between Austria, Prussia, and Russia
      • Austria got new land in the Italian border for the loss of the Netherlands
      • Prussia got Westphalia, Saxony, and Western bank of the Rhine
  • balance of power:
    • Metternich and others claimed redrawing borders their way prevented any one European power from doing what Napoleon did because the remaining nations were mostly large and powerful
    • dealing with France:
      • France was allowed to keep territorial borders
      • the Congress enlarged Netherlands and Sardinia/Piedmont to surround France (otherwise surrounded by Prussia, Austria, and Spain)
      • since France was enthusiastic about Napoleon's return, France was occupied by foreign armies for 5 years and forced to pay war debt
  • Concerts of Europe:
    • Austria, Britain, Russia, and Prussia continued to hold meetings after Vienna
    • goals:
      • keep peace and settle disputes
      • keep balance of power in Europe
      • eventually stop occupation of France
      • stop nationalist movements and rebellions from threatening peace by sending armies (principle of intervention)
  • principle of intervention:
    • England didn't agree with sending militaries to deal with movements and didn't join joint military campaigns (troops sent crush opposition/revolutions and restore legitimate monarchs to throne in Spain and Italy)
      • Britain was more liberal (more democratic government)
    • Metternich and supports (and most of Europe) represented the conservative ideology:
      • maintained that the old order (monarch systems) had resulted in a stable and orderly society that endured
      • resisted liberal/enlightenment ideals of the French Revolution
  • Napoleon helps Latin America: 
    • Napoleon conquered Spain temporarily and Spain's government was no more --> Enlightened Creoles (America-born sons of Spanish aristocrats who moved to America) seized the opportunity to gain independence
      • Creole named Simon Bolivar (great admirer of French and American revolutions) gathered revolutionary forces and attempted to win freedom for Venezuela
  • legacy of Simon Bolivar:
    • won independence for most of Latin America
    • known as 'the liberator'
    • exiled twice to Haiti
    • joined forces with Jose de San Martin who helped win independence for Argentina and Chile
  • Brazil:
    • Pedro ruled Portugal until Napoleon came into Spain --> he took sail for Brazil (Portugal's colony) because he didn't want to be forcibly ousted 
    • he was loved by subjects in Brazil so even after Napoleon was defeated, Pedro wanted to stay in Brazil --> crowned emperor Pedro in Brazil (peaceful transfer of power like Glorious Revolution)
  • revolutions in Europe:
    • revolutions swept through Europe 1815-1850 (except Russia and England) against established governments and status quo set at the Congress of Vienna
    • brought on by clashing ideals of several major popular philosophies within societies (conservatism, liberalism, socialism, nationalism)
  • nationalism:
    • feelings of pride in nation (common institutions, language, customs, traditions bind society together)
    • each nationality deserved its own government and had the right to self-determination (right to do what you want to do, form own history, choose own government)
    • prevalent among conquered people:
      • ex. Austria was composed of 11 different groups, each claiming their own nationality and wanting freedom from Austria
    • can be a force that brings people/nations together, or tears people/nations apart
  • conservatism:
    • maintained 'old order' (monarchies) had resulted in a stable/orderly society that endured so legitimate monarchs needed to be restored
    • favor obedience to political authority, organized religion is crucial, hated rebellions, community > individual rights, wealth disparity
    • state/nation is partnership between those who are living, the dead, and the yet-to-be-born --> no generation was right to destroy the partnership and each generation has duty to preserve and transmit it to the next generation
  • liberalism:
    • follows enlightenment ideals
    • two types - economic and political:
      • economic:
        • laissez-faire (no government interference in economy)
        • government should only defend, protect, and build/maintain infrastructure
      • political:
        • protection of civil liberties and basic rights
        • protections need to be guaranteed in written doc
        • religious toleration
        • separation of powers
  • socialism:
    • wanted to introduce equality into all social systems 
    • cooperation > competition
    • capitalism exploits workers and creates lifestyle gap between the rich and poor
    • people, not private individuals, own and operate the means of production (MOP) (factories, farms, etc. that produce and sell good in capitalist societies) and share equally in rewards
  • socialism in action:
    • early socialists were called Utopians because their dreams were impractical for the real world
    • Robert Owen:
      • set up community in Scotland to put socialist ideas in practice --> provided most things at cost to people of community and eventually ran out of money
      • believed without rich and poor social classes, there would be no fighting in society (people would share equally in work except children because there would be no child labor)
  • other important points:
    • landowning elites wanted to use land to benefit themselves (have common people work land --> nobles have all profit/power --> reinstitute old order) while new industrialists want infrastructure to support industrialization (their factories/businesses)
  • revolts of liberal and nationalist variety:
    • the Ottoman Empire was like the Austrian Empire:
      • made up of conquered people
      • 'ruled' by one person (Ottoman Sultan, Austrian Emperor)
    • Serbia (1804-1830):
      • Russia agreed to help their independence movement because they had the same language, religion, and ancestry
      • Serbs won autonomy (self-rule) within Ottoman Empire
      • Ottoman Sultan later agreed to formal independence (crucial in starting WWI)
  • Greece, Moldovia, and Wallachia (whole region known as the Balkans):
    • Greece:
      • birthplace of democracy
      • fighting holy war (Ottomans are Muslim)
      • Great Britain and France sent armada to help Greece
      • Russia convinced Ottomans to grant Greece freedom
      • Greece forced to accept German king to appease conservatives
    • Moldovia and Wallachia:
      • Russians invade in 1828 and by 1829, they are independent
      • later becomes Romania
  • unsuccessful liberal and nationalist revolts:
    • Spain:
      • ruled by a Bourbon (Ferdinand VII) who ignored liberal constitution he promised to uphold
      • king was besieged by rebellion until French army crossed Pyrenees and destroyed revolt (principle of intervention)
    • Italian States:
      • dominated by Austria
      • 9 separate states
      • Austrians crush revolts in Italian States
      • Austria claimed 2 border regions in redrawing of borders
      • strong sense of Italian nationalism (break away from Austria and bring country together)
      • Giuseppe Mazzini was leading figure in unification
    • German Confederation (aka Confederation of Rhine):
      • 38 sovereign states
      • had 2 options to look for leadership and protection (Austria or Prussia)
      • liberal student societies (Burschenschaften) start movement to unite states into single political unit --> Austria intervenes but seeds of nationalism were planted
  • rocky restoration:
    • Louis XVIII restored to legitimate throne after 23 years in exile:
      • held most of the power
      • shared limited amount of power with 2 house assembly
      • established Charter of French Liberties (new constitution)
      • weak king (ultraroyalists pressured him to return their traditional positions as aristocrats and to restore the power of the church)
    • Louis XVIII died and his younger brother, Charles X, inherited the throne:
      • church given power to run schools again
      • returned lands/titles to ultraroyalists
      • unpopular
      • forced to compromise and forced to make ministers answerable to parliament (ministerial responsibility - balances power between the king and parliament), later revokes this
      • tries to dissolve legislature and call for new elections
      • sets France up for another revolution
  • Revolution of 1830:
    • Charles X tried to censor free press, reject new constitution, and suspend assembly --> rebellion
    • rebels captured Paris and Charles X flees to England 
    • July Revolution
    • set up constitutional monarchy which further limited the power of the king
  • new government and new king:
    • chose Louis Philippe as king (cousin of Charles X, supporter of French Revolution)
    • 'citizen king' because he owed his rise to throne to the people
    • got along with middle and upper classes
    • man of the people
    • liberal minded
  • another revolution:
    • Louis Philippe's government was corrupt 
    • during industrial revolution, workers felt exploited --> socialism on the rise, calls for the abolition of private property
    • recession hits and poor harvests inflate food prices even more --> irritated people post criticisms in newspapers
    • Louis tries to censor press and prohibit meetings in public --> people riot (February Days)
    • Louis was abdicated and a new '2nd republic' was created
  • June Days and election:
    • government of 2nd republic was weak and dominated by the wealthy
    • government shut down socialist projects/national workshops (govt-run job programs) in June and working classes rioted in Paris
      • over 1500 were killed
    • class resentments formed between the wealthy and poor
    • fear of socialism increases
    • 2nd republic expanded voting rights to all male citizens (before - 200k, after - 9 million)
    • new president was elected
  • new emperor:
    • Louis Napoleon (nephew of Napoleon) declared himself emperor and ended the republic
    • had people vote and 90% wanted a 2nd empire (because it was more stable than a republic)
    • when removed from power, the 3rd French Republic began
  • England (Rule of Tories)
    • constitutional monarchy (liberal by most European standards) but conservative forces were also in control
    • most seats in legislature were called pocket/rotten boroughs, whose voting districts were rigged by rich/powerful people to control the House of Commons (supposedly made up of common people)
    • 2 political factions (both from aristocratic classes):
      • Whigs:
        • tried to help support new industrial working class
      • Tories
        • controlled House of Lords and Commons
  • government corruption:
    • Tories used political power to rig elections and pass laws to enrich themselves
      • passed Corn Laws which placed high tariffs on foreign grain, and wealthy landowners (Tories) raised prices of own crops to just less than the price of foreign grain
        • wealthy landowners got richer and the poor paid more for food --> food shortage and public demonstrations --> government opened fire and killed people (Peterloo Massacre)
  • reform in England:
    • Reform Act of 1832:
      • got rid of pocket/rotten boroughs and redrew district lines --> new/fair representation (even some people from working class)
    • expanded right to vote by qualifying people who paid a rent
      • millions still couldn't vote
    • repealed Corn Laws
    • passed Poor Laws
      • people believed unemployment was the result of laziness 
      • poor houses were available but horrible conditions forced people to reenter labor market
  • Russia exposed to new ideas:
    • rural and agrarian society where people were still serfs, haven't industrialized, and enlightenment ideas were foreign (because of govt censorship)
    • Catherine the Great supported Enlightenment thinkers but didn't pass reforms and there were still rebellions
    • liberal Tsar Alexander I started to make liberal reforms (education system, some free press, etc.) but didn't abolish serfdom because it would alienate nobles
  • toward an ordered society:
    • large cities needed transition in law enforcement because nations had outdated law enforcement systems that needed restructuring
      • England's constables (unpaid, caused crimes, violent) were replaced with bobbies to prevent crime
      • French Serjents wore uniforms to be identifiable
      • Germany had Shchutzmannschaft from military backgrounds
  • prison reform:
    • used to not differentiate between types of criminals (semi-separate cells at night, all in commonplace during the day)
    • reforms based on American prison systems (separate criminals by crime, isolate them, etc.)
    • England develops a penal colony in Australia (sent criminals into exile to clear land for settlers)
  • romanticism:
    • people were looking to return to simpler times before the chaos of political and industrial revolutions
    • Rousseau was significant to the development of romanticism because he emphasized the role of emotions in moral improvement
    • about imagination, freedom, and emotions
    • development of a romantic hero (a misfit essentially)
    • in romantic artwork, scenes of nature were common because nature was overtaken by industrialization
    • allowed people to express individualism (traits unique to each artist, writer, and musician) through their work (driven by the want to break class systems)
  • neo-gothic:
    • artists were fascinated by history --> romanticism revived and renewed the gothic style that was popular before the Renaissance
    • gothic architecture:
      • intricate features
      • spires
      • decorative
      • gargoyles
      • dark undertones
    • gothic literature:
      • emotional
      • dark
      • horror-type