8.1-Setting the Stage for The Cold War & Decolonization The Big Three: Great Britain, United States & Soviet Union - Tehran Conference-Iran, November 1943 - Soviets would free Eastern Europe, Great Britain and the US would free Western Europe. Some Polish territory would go to the Soviets. - Yalta Conference-Near Black Sea, February 1945 - Plans for reconstructing Eastern Europe & defeating Japan - FDR-free, democratic elections, Soviets to join the war against Japan - Stalin-influence over Eastern Europe; buffer zone. Would help against Japan if given control of islands, ports, and parts of the Manchurian railroad. Vaguely assured for free elections -Potsdam Conference-Germany, July 1945 - Winston Churchill-no longer prime minister of Great Britain, Harry Truman replaced FDR (death lol) - Truman demanded free elections in the East, but Soviet troops occupied the region and communists gained control in several countries in Eastern Europe - Distrust between the US and Soviet Union World War II resulted in millions of deaths and the destruction of factories, roads, bridges, etc. Many moved for safety, opportunity, or to escape communism - Eastern and Central Europe was worse off than the West - The West maintained democracy, had good education and large corporations US Prosperity - The mainland was not damaged very much, loss of life was lower than in Europe - Infrastructure remained, grew with government-funded contracts **atomic weapons - Marshall Plan & aid to Europe Advances during the war-**penicillin Cold War: does not involve direct military confrontation between two or more rival states -Propaganda, secret operations, arms race - Both sides armed others, so small civil wars or regional conflicts were deadly - No war on Soviet or American land - Hydrogen bomb >>>> atomic bomb - Dwight D. Eisenhower-against large military-industrial complexes Spread of the demand for self-determination - Europeans still held power in Africa, India, China, etc. - World War II weakened the colonizers-could not fight resistance to their rule - USSR and US supported anti-colonial activists Heimler’s History-8.1 Setting the Stage For The Cold War & Decolonization - Cold War: US vs Soviet Union - Decolonization: breakup of empires & former colonies gained independence World War II is coming to an end - The Big Three: US, Great Britain, and the Soviet Union meet to order the world after the war -Yalta Conference-early 1944 - FDR for free elections in Eastern Europe; Soviet Union wanted Eastern Europe under Soviets for a buffer between them and Europe - Clashed because of arguments - Vague assurances for free elections in Eastern Europe - Potsdam Conference-July 1945 - Truman wanted free elections in Eastern Europe; Stalin’s troops occupied and refused -US and USSR as the superheroes of the world - US had no fighting inside the US and infrastructure was untouched by the war; aided billions to rebuild Europe **Marshall Plan - Russians lost 15-20 million people, buttloads of damage - Had such a large population, Stalin aggressive built industrial capacity, other European countries were exhausted - Dropping of the atomic bomb - Smack in the mustache for Stalin because they were not told beforehand Decolonization - Colonization peaked by World War I - Colonial troops in the World War I-hoped sacrifice would earn them independence -Woodrow Wilson-self-determination, choose form of government - World War I-colonial troops fight - Imperial nations were out of cash and high in debt-could not repress calls for independence by sending troops - US and Soviet Union support to be free from colonial structures - Always joined if beneficial 8.2-The Cold War League of Nations’ Failures - Lacked support from powerful countries-US - Did not stop small conflicts from escalating quick enough US, Great Britain, USSR & China established the United Nations (UN) Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain: the split between Eastern & Western Europe US v USSR Economics & Politics - US - Capitalism-private ownership, self-interest - Democracy-free elections, independent press - USSR - No elections, single party Criticisms - US-let people starve, discrimination, less gender equality - USSR-restricted freedom of speech, to elect leaders, or allow businesses to operate efficiently Similarities-acted out of fear of the other USSR Satellite States-economically and politically dependent on a larger state - import/export only Soviet goods or to the USSR - Five-year plans, collectivize agriculture, focus on industry World Revolution-organized workers would overthrow capitalism in all countries Containment-not letting communism spread - Some believed that overthrowing existing regimes would “roll back” communism Truman Doctrine- US military and economic support to stop the spread of communism in Greece & Turkey Marshall Plan-US aids all of Europe to modernize industries, reduce trade barriers, and rebuild infrastructure Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON)-plan to rebuild Eastern Europe by the Soviets -Trade and credit agreements Space Race - USSR-Sputnik - US-first man on the moon MAD-Mutually Assured Destruction - Soviet ICBM to US - Both the USSR and US would be obliterated by a nuclear war Bandung Conference-condemned colonialism, world not dominated by two superpowers -Non-Aligned Movement - Members wanted to advance their own interests - Many closely allied with one superpower or the other Heimler’s History-8.2 Global balance of power shifted to the US and USSR - Cold War: a state of hostility between two countries which does not result in open warfare Competing Economic and Political Systems - US was capitalist & democratic - USSR was communist & authoritarian Both have an impulse to spread and not content to stay within its boundaries - Americans wanted a democratic world, Soviets wanted a communist world How did they fight without actually fighting? - Making others economically dependent on them - Soviet Bloc in Eastern Europe - Five-Year plans, collectivization, and industry was introduced. Communist parties only were allowed. Served Soviet Russian economy, not their own - US-Marshall Plan in Western Europe - American had a booming economy and offered billions in aid to avoid them turning communist and staying democratic - Containment-keep it from spreading - Truman Doctrine-military aid to any country threatened by the spread of communism **Greece & Turkey - Arms Race - Stalin was jealous of the American atomic bomb dropped in 1945 - Race to build bigger and bigger bombs - 1947-Soviet atomic bomb-bigger than American one - 1950s-hydrogen bomb - 1959-ICBM-can deliver a nuclear warhead to the US from USSR - MAD-Mutually Assured Destruction-prevented either side from pulling the trigger - Space Race - 1957-Soviet satellite Sputnik - 1958-American satellite - 1961-Soviet man to space - American man second to space - 1969-American man on the moon Dominated the world stage and smaller countries got swept up into it Non-Aligned Movement-wanted to distance themselves from the conflict of the superpowers -Asian and African nations-free from colonial rule - Represent the interest of developing countries 8.3-Effects of the Cold War Allied Occupation of Germany - Split among the US, France, British, and Soviet Union - The Western states combined their zones into one state with democratic principles - The capital, Berlin, was also split - Soviet Union wanted control over all of Berlin and blockaded the Western zones to prevent the moving of supply - Berlin Airlift - West Germany = Federal Republic of Germany; East Germany-German Democratic Republic -Berlin Wall prevented people from East Germany moving to West Germany North Atlantic Treaty Organization-a treaty signed by Western democracies to pledge mutual support during conflicts and wars Warsaw Pact-a pact in which participating nations were to combine their armed forces and base their army leaders in Moscow - Communist bloc Other organizations - Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEAT0) - Central Treaty Organization (CENTO)-stop communism in the Middle East Proxy wars-smaller countries were stand-ins for the superpowers; local issues & international -Korean War - Soviet Union controlled the North, US controlled the South - North Korea invaded South Korea to unify under their leadership - US sent troops, USSR sent supplies - China sent troops to North Korea when they began fighting near the border - Ended in a stalemate - Vietnam War - US sent troops to South Vietnam to avoid communist takeover from the North - Domino theory-the idea that if one nation in the region became communist, others would follow The Bay of Pigs Crisis-Kennedy supported a group of Cuban exiles that opposed Fidel Castro but it ultimately failed - Cuba-Soviet alliance Cuba Missile Crisis - Soviets sent nuclear missiles because the US had done so in Turkey - Kennedy sent the Navy to “quarantine” the missiles - Soviets withdrew missiles in Cuba; the US in Turkey - Hot Line Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty-outlawed the testing of nuclear weapons - Cut down radiation Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-prevent the spread of nuclear technology to non-nuclear countries Angola - European colonial powers had little regard for traditional regions so rival ethnic groups were forced together under one government - US, USSR, and South Africa backed different tribes during war - Cease-fire Contra War - The Sandinistas were trying to be overthrown by the Contras - US backed Contras Anti Nuclear Weapons Movement Heimler’s History 8.3 Cold War: no open warfare between US and USSR - Military alliances, proxy wars, nuclear weapons Military Alliances - Soviet Union occupied East Europe-Communist Bloc - Communist governments, economies to serve the USSR. - North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)-alliances of nations against the Soviets -US, Great Britain, France, Canada, Belgium, Norway, Luxembourg, Denmark, Portugal, Italy, the Netherlands - Warsaw Pact - Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Bulgaria Proxy Wars - Indirect fighting, one thing stands in for another - Localized in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Caribbean - USSR and US take sides - Korean War - Allies divided into North and South - North-Soviet; South-US - North Korea invades the South to create a single state under its leadership - US sends aid to the South - USSR sends weapons to the North - China feared the UN would invade so they sent troops to North Korea - 38th Parallel - Stalemate - Angolan Civil War - Colony of Portugal, drew borders at random - Groups unified and won independence from Portugal - Freedom = which would have power? - US backed on group, Soviets backed another, South Africa backed another - Nicaragua Contra War - Sandinista National Liberation Front seized power-socialist - US backed a group that tried to overthrow, USSR backed the others - Ceasefire Nuclear Proliferation - Arms race between US and USSR - Cuba Missile Crisis of 1962 - US failed to oust Fidel Castro of Cuba - Nikita Khrushchev shipped nuclear missiles to Cuba - US spy planes discovered missile sites and were outraged - US placed nuclear missiles in Turkey - JFK sends warships around Cuba - Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty-call on nuclear powers to prevent non-nuclear nations from developing the weapons 8.4-Spread of Communism after 1900 China turned Communist after the Communists won the Chinese Civil War - Mao Zedong-land redistribution, opened schools and hospitals, punished abusive soldiers - People’s Republic of China -Nationalization of industries, based off Soviet Union’s Five Year-Plan - Great Leap Forward - Communes, rééducation camps, food shortages - Grain exports - Cultural Revolution - Red Guards - Hostile with the Soviets Iran - Britain and Russia send Shah Muhammad Rez Pahlavi but Iranian nationalists send Mohhammad Mosaddegh - Secret police, authoritarian - White Revolution - Women’s suffrage, social welfare, literacy programs - land ownership -land from landlords, resold to peasants - Conservatives opposed - Theocracy-religion is the supreme authority - Guardian Council Heimler’s History-8.4 Communism in China - 1927-Communists vs Nationalists - 1931-Japanese invasion = united to deal with Japan - Communists won the Civil War; Communist Revolution - Mao Zedong-Tiananmen Square in 1949 - People’s Republic of China - Nationalize industries, redistribute land - Great Leap Forward-collectivization - Rebels were sent to reeducation camps (internment camps) - They killed you if reeducation failed - Harvests failed but he exported what was grown far away; millions died Land Reforms - Iran-Shah supported Hitler - Britain and Russian invaded and sent up a new Shah - 1951-Nationalists overthrew and set their own Prime Minister - Great Britain and France to overthrow that guy - Muhammad Rez Pahlavi - Authoritarian, harsh, but some good policies - Social welfare, women’s suffrage - White Revolution-bloodless - Government bought land from rich landowners, sold to landowners for cheap - Vietnam - Independence from Japan, France - Communists in North Vietnam, land from landowners to redistribute - India - Independence from Britain - Somewhat successful land reforms - Kerala - Ethiopia - Overthrow of the government, successful - Socialist government instead of western puppet - Received support from the Russians - Land redistribution - Famine, failed policies Crash Course: Chinese Communism Self-Strengthening never happened - Boxer Rebellion - Sun Yat-Sen to plot the overthrow of the Qing government - Nationalism, Democracy, the People’s Livelihood - President of Provisional Republic - Kuomintang Nationalists - 1920-Chinese Communist Party - Chiang Kai-Shek after Sun Yat-Sen died - Civil War: Communists beat the Nationalists - 1934-Mao and the Communists almost wiped out-“Long March” - Invasion or Occupation by the Japanese - Communists were better at fighting the Japanese - Nationalists failed = less prestige - Corruption, taxes - Communists won over the peasants - Mao-rectification and reeducation - Intellectuals did hard labor - People’s Republic of China - Working class = leaders of democratic dictatorships - Women’s rights, rent reduction, land redistribution, heavy industries - Freedom of speech, thought, speech, publication, etc - China in the Korean War-Resist America and Aid Korea Campaign - Humiliation of those who were not “fully communist: - Accuse of being spies - Three Anti Campaign-reform the CCP - Five Anti Campaign-against capitalism; killed private industry - Tried to become an industrial powerhouse - Modeled the Soviet Five-Year Plan-huge amounts of industrialization, collectivization, centralization - Growing population, higher standard of living - Great Leap Forward - More industrialization and production - Pay with exported grain = less to eat - Cultural Revolution - Attempt to capture the glory days of the revolution - Empower the kids - Tear down tradition-demolish art buildings - Red Guards-representing the old culture, habits, ideas, etc. were humiliated - Destroyed cultural and religious artifacts Communism in China Internal tensions and Japanese aggression = communists gain power China had little industrial involvement-1800s - Was the leading manufacturer of the world and many wanted Chinese items - Industrialization rise = China was resistant of it and fell behind - Opium Wars, Sphere of influence - Japanese consolidates industrialization, more power, expansion, etc. China abandoned the imperial system and moved into a Western-Style Republic in 1911 -Good relationship with the United States-troops to help combat the Japanese - “Flying Tigers” - After World War II-pressure from the USSR for communism Republic - Shaky grounds - Did not modernize and there was an era of chaos - Chiang Kai-Shek = dictatorship - Communism grew popular under Mao Zedong Civil War-1930-1949 - Nationalists v Communists - People were unhappy with the dictatorship because they can not do anything or defend against Japan (weak) and lost faith - More people turned to communism - Communists won = Mao created the People’s Republic of China - Does not join the Soviet Union - Chiang fled to Taiwan - US was shocked when China turned communist, only saw the Nationalists as the government of China (failure of the theory of containment) Mao’s Proposals for China - Rapidly industrialize and modernization - Education and indoctrination-“Little Red Book” - Unification-Manifest Destiny - Great Leap Forward - Seized land from the rich and divided among the peasants - collectivization, rapid industrialization **Stalin’s Five Year Plan - Replace traditional culture with a modern one - Demographic changes; forced nationalism - Famines, starvation, suffering - People sent to work massive industrial projects or collective farms - “Struggle for 3 Years” - Political “purges” - Cultural Revolution - More indoctrination and totalitarianism - Strict socialist ideas, attack against traditional ideas - “Little Red Book”-political religion - Buddhist and Daoist temples are destroyed, Confucian aspects are eliminated - Red Guards-protect the culture of the revolution - Young people-closed schools, etc. - Struggle Sessions - Unified the Chinese people but thousands were imprisoned or killed 8.5-Decolonization after 1900 European powers struggled to hold onto their colonies India and Pakistan - Hindus and Muslims unified against the British - Indian National Congress-civil disobedience, independence - Muslim League-separate nation for Muslim Indians - Royal Indian Navy Revolt - India and Pakistan gained independence in 1947 Ghana - Kwame Nkrumah - Nationalistic traditions-anthem, currency, flag, etc. - Public works and development projects - Debt, corruption - One-party state - Pan-Africanism-unity of culture and ideas - Organization of African Unity Algeria - Political protests - Restrictive laws and violence - Nationalism = Algerian War for Independence - National Liberation Front-guerrilla techniques - One-party state, collectivization - French Communist Party-Algerian independence - Charles de Gaulle-planned steps for Algerian independence - Migration to France - Algerian Civil War French West Africa - Indirect rule = relied on existing governments - Negotiated independence Vietnam - Ho Chi Minh-communist leader of North Vietnam - France tried to reestablish colonial rule - Peace treaty-split North and South Vietnam, election to reunite the country - Never happened - War between North and South - Vietcong - American military involvement - North Vietnam gained control of South Vietnam Egypt - British soldiers in the Suez Canal - Gamal Abdel Nasser overthrew the king of Egypt ----------> Republic of Egypt - Islam and socialism - Land reform, nationalization - Nationalized the Suez Canal - Suez Crisis Nigeria - Southeastern Igbos (Christains) tried to secede-----------> Biafra - Fourth Republic of Nigeria Quebec - French culture - Catholicism vs Protestantism - Quiet Revolution - Liberal party - Nationalism Heimler’s History-8.5 Negotiated and armed resistance to gain independence from colonial power - Mohandas Gandhi-Indian National Congress - Nonviolent, civil disobedience - British-exhausted from World War II, could not maintain colonial rule - 1947 = Independence India - Muslim League-advocate for an independent state for Muslims in India -Pakistan - French West Africa - France relied on local governments cooperation - France could no longer maintain power after relationship crumbled - Negotiated in most by 1959 - Ghana (Gold Coast) - Kwame Nkrumah-nationalist - Algeria - Rise up against France - Strict laws and violence - Nationalism - National Liberation Front - Communist party - Charles de Gaulle of France - Vietnam (Indochina) - French control - French ousted, return to the Southern part - Ho Chi Minh-communist in the North - Vietnam War - North and South Vietnam - Egypt - British troops to protect their interest in the Suez Canal - Gamal Abdel Nasser-overthrow of Egyptian King --------> Republic of Egypt -Nationalization of the Suez Canal - Suez Crisis - Nigeria - Civil War - Igbo = Christains in the South tried to succeed and create Biafra - Rich in oil - The North won = united Nigeria - Quebecois Separatist Movement - Catholic v Protestants - Separate state in Quebec - Growing nationalism - 1963-terrorist movements - Quebec remained united with Canada 8.6-Newly Independent States Zionist Movement-creation of a separate Jewish state - Palestine-where ancestors lived - Mostly Arab population - Balfour Declaration-Palestine to be the “national home” for the Jewish -Zionits migrate to Palestine = Arabs lost land and traditional Islamic way of life -Partition of Palestine - Jewish section = Israel - War between Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq - US supported Israel - Six-Day War - Yom Kippur War - Camp David Accords were rejected by Palestinians - Palestinian Liberation Organization-return of occupied lands, creation of independent Palestine -Palestinians split into Fatah and Hamas - Israeli government-restrictions, settled on land Cambodia - Right-wing government overthrown by the Khmer Rouge and Pol Pot - Communism - Famine, slaughter - Vietnamese invade to support opponents of Pol Pot - Eventually took control of the government India-democracy; Pakistan-authoritarian - Women had the right to vote in both countries Sri Lanka-Sirimavo Bandaranaike - Land reforms, restrict free enterprise, new constitution India-Indira Gandhi - Political and economic moves to strengthen the economy - Inflation, growing poverty - 20-Point economic program-corrupt laws, higher national production, alleviate poverty Pakistan-Benazir Bhutto - Struggled to improve economy - Corruption United Republic of Tanzania-Julius Nyerere - Socialism - Free education, collectivization - Poverty Metropoles-moving to the former colonial powers - Worked on railroads, medical fields, etc. Heimler’s History-8.6 - Israel - Jews-separate Jewish state in Palestine - Arab population - Jews migrate to Palestine-opposition from the Arabs - Holocaust = sympathy = more migration - United Nations in 1948-partition Palestine for Arabs and Jews - Israel won the war - Cambodia - Khmer Rouge established communism - Pol Pot-dictator, millions were slaughtered or starved - Famine - 1978-Vietnam invaded to overthrow Pol Pot - Vietnamese occupation - India and Pakistan - Migration - Violence along religious lines - India -democracy, Pakistan = authoritarian - Both nations developed nuclear arms - Sri Lanka - Sirimavo Bandaranaike-instituted socialist policies - land redistribution, nationalization, restrict free trade - India - Indira Gandhi-inflation, poverty - 20 Point Plan - Tanzania - Julius Nyerere - Socialist policies - Less reliant on foreign aid - Migration - Metropoles-home territory of a colonial power - Maintain strong cultural and economic ties Crash Course: Decolonization and Nationalism Big colonial powers = weakened by World War II British-controlled India = 3 independent states French Indochina = Cambodia, Laos, VIetnam Dutch East Indies = Indonesia New states had to choose between socialism and capitalism - Violence, overthrow of colonial elites 1885-founding of the Indian National Congress - Modern nation - Mohandas Gandhi-British education, wealthy family, fasts, battles to alleviate poverty, women's rights, unified independence - Nonviolence - Joawaharal Nehru and Gandhi-unification, ease tensions between Hindu and Muslims -Muhammad Ali Jinnah-Muslim League - Partitioned into India and Pakistan - 12 million were displaced-------------> violence - Indonesian Battle Indonesia - Under Dutch rule-peasants had to set aside land for cash crops for exports - Japanese occupation during World War II - Indonesians in more places of power - Sukarno-first prime minister - Police actions-Dutch tried to hold onto colonies Indochina - Khmer Rouge-massacred 21% of the Cambodian population - Vietnam-communist Ho Chi Minh Egypt - Ruled by king that took orders from the British - King was overthrown ---------> Gamal Abdul Nassar - Secular nationalism - Banned Muslim brotherhood Central and South Africa - Borders and boundaries were messed up - Rwanda-Hutu and Tutsis - Europeans left = African nations did not institutions to thrive - No schools or universities - Some Europeans ruled through local rulers - Need new leaders to rise up - Little experience 8.7-Global Resistance to Established Power Structures Nonviolent resistances - Mohandas Gandhi-nonviolent marches, boycotts, fasts - Martin Luther King Jr. - Influence court decisions, boycott of segregated buses, marches - Nelson Mandela - White minority/segregation = apartheid - Used to support violence - Socialist Soviet Satellite States - Poland - Demanded better living conditions - Wladyslaw Gomulka of the Polish Communist Party - Independent domestic policy but remained loyal to the Soviet Union - Collectivization - Hungary - Imre Nagy declared freedom from the Soviet Union - Withdrew from the Warsaw Pact, support free elections - Soviet invasion - Czechoslovakia - Prague Spring - Alexander Dubcek-increased freedom of speech, press, travel *more democratic -Brezhnev Doctrine-justification for crushing Czechoslovakia - Increased protests, marches, or demands against the authoritarian government, religious issues, financial policies, etc. Increased demand for improvements in education and treatment of workers -France-student movement in Paris, led to workers going on strike - United States-women’s rights and African American rights, anti-Vietnam War, Kent State University Terrorism - Northern Ireland - Discrimination from the British Protestants to the Catholics - Irish Republican Army (Catholics) v Ulster Defence Association (Protestants) - Spain - Basque Homeland and Freedom-independence for the Basque reason - Shining Path - Abimael Guzman - Based off Mao Zedong, Khmer Rouge - Overthrow current government, established communist - Islamic - al-Qaeda-Osama Bin Laden - US - White nationalism, alt-right Response of Militarized States - Spain - Francisco Franco-anti-communist - Executions, imprisonments, labor camps, authoritarianism - Uganda - Idi Amin - Backed by Soviet Union, East Germany - Denied rights, undermined economic stability Military-Industrial Complex-building strong militaries to defend - Many relied on it for jobs Heimler’s History-8.7 Establishment of new power structures Resistance was either nonviolent and violent - Non-violent-Mohandas Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela - Gandhi-against British control in India - Indian National Congress - Civil disobedience - Homespun Movement-boycott foreign fabrics - Salt March-protest the salt monopoly - Gained power in 1947 - MLK Jr - Antidiscrimination against Black citizens in the US - Theoretical equality had not reach reality - Civil Rights Movement - Bus boycotts, sit-ins, massive marches - Supreme Court Decision - Desegregation, integrations - Civil Rights Act of 1964 - VOting Rights ACt of 1965 - Nelson Mandela-South Africa - Apartheid - Violent at first, nonviolent eventually - PResident of South Africa in 1994 - Spain - Francisco Franco overthrew the popularly elected government, anti communist - Opposers faced execution, labor camps - Uganda - Idi Amin-military dictator - President for life - Intensified ethnic tensions, little rights - People were killed or exiled under his policies - Rise of of the Military-Industrial Complex - Build up military to defend - US, USSR-buildup nuclear arsenals - People relied on increased military spending for their jobs - The Shining Path-Peru - Revolutionary organization - Overthrow Peruvian government, establish communism - Brutality - Terrorist acts against Peru - Al Qaeda - Osama Bin Laden - Against the West, resisted the oppressive policies and instruction of countries like the US -9/11 8.8-End of the Cold War Final Decades of the Cold War Era - US and USSR maintained diplomatic relations - Fundamental disagreements, agreed to limit nuclear weapons - Déntente-a relaxation of strained relations - President Richared Nixon visits the Soviet Union - Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT)-freeze the number of ICBMs they could keep - Richard Nixon first to visit communist China - Soviet problems-little free trade and no economic growth, satellite states were demanding reforms, and there were tensions with China (shared border) - US problems-Vietnam War, suffering economy - US could sell grain to USSR, help American farmers - Ended when the Soviets invaded Afghanistan - Soviet-Afghan War - Fled to Pakistan and Iran-homeless - Soviets could not conquer guerilla troops - New political participation in Afghanistan - Afghan Civil War - Reagan and Gorbachev - Reagan sent military aid to Afghanistan - Both sides produced more nuclear missiles-pointed at each other - Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)-Americans would destroy any nuclear missiles that targeted the US or its allies - The Thaw - Mikhail Gorbachev - Perestroika-restructure the Soviet economy to allow free enterprise - Glasnost-opening up Soviet society and political process by granting greater freedom - Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty-placed restrictions - The End of the Soviet Union - Greater freedom for other communist countries-no Soviet troops or economic support - 1989-Fall of the Berlin Wall, 1990-reunify the East and West - End of Soviet Union-1991 Political alliances changed, economic interactions and nations expanded More interconnectedness = greater wealth - New democracies, ethnic conflict, epidemics, terrorism, economic inequality, environmental degradation End of the Cold War-(PPT.) America’s failure in the Vietnam War led to a change in the Cold War policies -Abandoned containment, improve relations - Richard Nixon’s Détente (ease tension) was replaced by brinkmanship - First US president to recognize Communist China - Pressure on the USSR - SALTS-Strategic Arms Limitation Talks - Met with Brezhnev to discuss arms reduction USSR invades Afghanistan - Ends Détente - Cut off trade with the USSR, sent supplies to Afghans - Afghans won and exhausted the Soviet economy Ronald Reagan - Strong anti-communist policies - Helped win the Cold War - Increased spending so the USSR would have to keep up - $2 trillion to the military, sent 500 ICBMs to NATO allies **No more Détente - Strategic Defense Initiative Mikhail Gorbachev - Moved away from repression - Three Major Reforms - Glasnost-“openness”, encourage freedom of speech - Perestroika-more efficient production, limited private ownership - Democratization-allowing free elections for Communists only - Could not keep up with the US in the arms race - Withdrew troops in Afghanistan 1989-democratic revolution in Eastern European satellites November-fall of the Berlin Wall Ethnci nationalism and the break-up of the Soviet Union Heimler’s History-8.8 Military and technological developments of the US - USSR and US had thousands of nuclear missiles pointed at each other-MAD - Ronald Reagan-Strategic Defense Initiative - the US would launch defense systems into space and shoot down threats with lasers -Cost too much, technology was too far into the future - Shifted power to the US, not the USSR Failed Soviet invasion of Afghanistan - Established a communist in Afghanistan = repressive policies - Hafez Ulla Amin-became president, anti-Soviet and Communist - Soviets assassinate and establish a new communist government - Could not defeat guerrilla troops - Economy sank, USSR lost Public Discontent, Economic Problems - No foreigh trade, government control agriculture failed - Communist bloc became discontent with repressive policies Mikhail Gorbachev - Perestroika-some elements of free enterprise - Glasnost-opening of political process, moe freedons - More freedoms in other communist states - No Soviet troops sent to other countries in the Communst Bloc - 1991-Soviet Union dismantled Glasnost and Perestroika Internal problems - Economy suffering - Political elite dying - Corruption - Alcoholism - 3 leaders die = more instability Mikhail Gorbachev - Reforming and modernizing - Conservative communist = outdate - Two policies - Perestroika - Modernize and westernize production - Struggled because of the centralized production - Supply did not meet demand - Agriculture failed, statewide food shortages - Afghanistan-consumer goods were ignored - New market model= free market, more autonomy for businesses - Small businesses opened - Glasnost - Corruption, media, and culture - Corruption was common = hope for more transparency - Reduce censorship = media was a tool for the government - Increased freedom of the press - Russian culture began to bloom - Improved relations with the West - Did not lead to the success that he wanted, slowly lost popularity within the state - Soviet Union broke into independent states - Satellite states demand independence - Abandoned the Brezhnev Doctrine-use of force in satellite states 9.1-Advances in Technology and Exchange Communication and Transportation - Radio-allowed individuals to hear the voices of people delivering information at a distance -Eliminated the intermediary filter through news reporters - Television-radio + visuals - Cellular technology-instant communication - Rise of Social Media = democratization of communication - Arab Spring-anti-government protests across the Arab world - People knew because of social media - Commercial airline-máss shipping, people could travel in hours - Shipping containers Energy Technology - Industrial Revolution = need for energy - Came from coal - 20th century-petroleum and natural gas = more productivity - Nuclear energy-more renewable and clean than petroleum - Chernobyl in the Soviet Union-high amounts of radiation Agricultural - Green Revolution-scientists developed new kinds of grain and wheat with more harvests, more resistance to pests - Genetic engineering-change cellular organization - Fertilizers and pesticides - Increase in acreage devoted to farming - Commercial farming Medical Advancements - Antibiotics-kills bacterial infections - Penicillin - Vaccines-shots to inoculate against diseases - Birth control-synthetic hormone to prevent pregnancy - Decline in fertility rates