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NURS 5031 Study Guide : Inflammation

NURS 5031 Study Guide : Inflammation

Inflammation:

Physiology and clinical manifestations of local and systemic inflammation

  • Physiology of inflammation
    • 4 General Steps
  • Step 1: Vascular Response:
  • Brief vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
  • Chemical mediators involved in vasodilation also increase capillary permeability
  • Fluid moves into tissue
  • First serous, then plasma proteins that exert oncotic pressure to further draw more fluid from blood vessels
  • Tissue becomes edematous
  • Clotting! (fibrinogen -> fibrin)
  • Step 2: Cellular Response
  • Blood flow slows, which allows WBCs to escape
  • WBCs in order of their arrival include:
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes (memory cells)
  • Phagocytosis occurs, which brings us to our next step:
  • Step 3: Exudate Formation
  • Exudate is NOT always a sign of infection (depends on the type of exudate)
  • Pus
  • Dead neutrophils, digested bacteria, and other cell debris
  • Step 4: Healing
  • Primary intention = paper cut or surgical wound, neat edges
  • Secondary intention = large amounts of exudate, irregular edges (infection, trauma)
  • Tertiary intention = delayed suturing due to infection, two layers of granulated tissue sutured together
  • Remember that many things can slow healing, like age, smoking, diabetes, and steroids
  • Nursing Management:
  • ASSESS FIRST!!!
  • Establish goals
  • Intervent and coordinate with wound care
  • Clinical Manifestations of Infection
  • Local infection
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Loss of function
  • Systemic Infection
  • Increased WBC count
  • Malaise (I literally never knew what this meant until I just googled it 🙄)
  • Nausea and anorexia 
  • Increased pulse and RR
  • Fever
  • Laboratory values associated with a normal inflammatory response


NURS 5031 Study Guide : Inflammation

Inflammation:

Physiology and clinical manifestations of local and systemic inflammation

  • Physiology of inflammation
    • 4 General Steps
  • Step 1: Vascular Response:
  • Brief vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
  • Chemical mediators involved in vasodilation also increase capillary permeability
  • Fluid moves into tissue
  • First serous, then plasma proteins that exert oncotic pressure to further draw more fluid from blood vessels
  • Tissue becomes edematous
  • Clotting! (fibrinogen -> fibrin)
  • Step 2: Cellular Response
  • Blood flow slows, which allows WBCs to escape
  • WBCs in order of their arrival include:
  • Neutrophils
  • Monocytes
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes (memory cells)
  • Phagocytosis occurs, which brings us to our next step:
  • Step 3: Exudate Formation
  • Exudate is NOT always a sign of infection (depends on the type of exudate)
  • Pus
  • Dead neutrophils, digested bacteria, and other cell debris
  • Step 4: Healing
  • Primary intention = paper cut or surgical wound, neat edges
  • Secondary intention = large amounts of exudate, irregular edges (infection, trauma)
  • Tertiary intention = delayed suturing due to infection, two layers of granulated tissue sutured together
  • Remember that many things can slow healing, like age, smoking, diabetes, and steroids
  • Nursing Management:
  • ASSESS FIRST!!!
  • Establish goals
  • Intervent and coordinate with wound care
  • Clinical Manifestations of Infection
  • Local infection
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Loss of function
  • Systemic Infection
  • Increased WBC count
  • Malaise (I literally never knew what this meant until I just googled it 🙄)
  • Nausea and anorexia 
  • Increased pulse and RR
  • Fever
  • Laboratory values associated with a normal inflammatory response